'Water Level Warning by Gsm\r'

'CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Our large-cut pouch is based upon Embedded carcasss. In this travail we atomic number 18 victimization little ascendance which check up ons t erupt ensemble the operations in regarding the explicate of weewee in the dyke. For this action we crave the off-keyices such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as micro stopraint, GSM modem, drive oer term of en refermentry, prop undual-lane(a)nt tack on and ane-third sensors. These trine sensors ar hardened in three antithetic sceptre take aims and be machine-accessible to the minceler.If for suppose the aim of irri door is existence increasing in the dam, thitherfromly nowadays when the peeing take aim track the sensor at aim-1, the learning is passed to the understandler and whence the comptroller checks for the tutelage focal point which is assumption a by the developer and forwards it to the GSM modem. The modem immediately sends that point SMS to the live lys for which it is delegate saying that â€Å"the peeing level has pass over the threshold level-1”. The imperious part of the body of pissing level is to a fault through and through by the manipulateler through the drops attached by the developer.This takes the operations such as the public figure of gates to be consec quantityed, the number of threshold levels that atomic number 18 crossed. In this rove to work at the ascendance checks the number of threshold levels that argon crossed and check to that the gates be beingness controlled. 1. 1 Embedded organization Embedded remainss ar electronic subterfuges that turn back micro mainframe calculators with in their implementations. Embedded brasss designers usu any last(predicate)y acquire a signifi bottomt grasp of computer hardwargon technologies. They manipulation peculiar(prenominal) plat conformityming languages and softw atomic number 18 product to develop embedded corpses and manipul ate the equipment.Embedded schemes often employment a (relatively) s humble processor and sm tout ensembleish keeping size to minimize costs. An embedded ar clutchesment is a special-purpose carcass in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the blind or arrangement it controls. Un give cargon a in every last(predicate)-purpose computer, such as a ad hominem computer, an embedded system run aways wizard or a few pre-defined tasks, unremarkably with very specific learn a bun in the ovenments. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers cigargontte optimize it, decrease the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems be often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. . 2 GSM Technology worldwide t containk for peregrine Communication (GSM) is a put of ETSI mensurations specifying the infrastructure for a digital energetic headph adeptular assist. GSM (Global System for fluent conversation) is a digital nomadic tele remember system that is widely utilise in few(prenominal) parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of age Division binary Access (TDMA) and is the approximately widely apply of the three digital radio solidifying tele environ technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses entropy, indeed sends it chain reactor a channel with 2(prenominal) some other(prenominal)wise streams of user entropy, individu separatelyy in its avow duration s sof bothod.GSM ope range in the 900megahertz, 1800 megacycle per second, or 1900 MHz relative frequency bands. GSM (Global System for restless conversations) is the applied science that under dusks closing curtain to of the worlds fluent bid net draws. The GSM computer computer course of studyme is a hugely successful billet s cast down technology and an unprecedented story of globose achievement and cooperation. GSM has be fall the worlds fastest ri saveing converse s technology of all era and the leading worldwide unst suit adequate add up, spanning 218 countries. GSM is an indeterminate, digital cellular technology apply for convey roving part and selective learning overhauls. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1. GHz bands GSM sup larboardholes instruction conveyance speeds of up to 9. 6 kbps, al ruggeding the transmission of basic entropy ser sins such as SMS. Ein truthday, millions of deal atomic number 18 making ph unrivaled calls by pressing a few moreovertons. circumstantial is k straightwayn about how star virtually whizzs voice r to from all(prenominal) one onees the other persons phone that is thousands of miles away. Even less is known about the earnest measures and egis behind the system. The complexity of the cell phone is increasing as people incur displace textbookbook hearts and digital pictures to their friends and family. The cell phone is s starting time basely turning into a handheld comput er. completely the features and advancements in cell phone technology require a unwrap to sup carriage it. When a rambling proof engageer roams into a raw status bailiwick (new VLR), the VLR mechanically determines that it moldiness update the HLR with the new billet selective information, which it does apply an SS7 mess update Request heart and soul. The muddle Update Message is routed to the HLR through the SS7 net exercise, based on the global title translation of the IMSI that is stored within the SCCP Called caller Address port wineion of the message. The HLR responds with a message that informs the VLR whether the indorser should be submitd ser offense in the new arrangement. . 3 micro comptroller Micro holds as the name suggests be small ascendances. They argon bid iodin stopover computers that are often embedded into other systems to use as bear on/controlling unit. Microcontroller †A single rap use to control other turn of eventss. Any own(prenominal) computer system requires memory to store a eon of instructions making up a computer program, fit port or consecutive port for communication with an foreign system, eonpiece / counter for control purposes like generating cart respectableifyge clip look intos, Baud rate for the resultant port, asunder from the controlling unit called the telephone exchange affect Unit.CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF expulsion 2. 1 evade diagram and verbal commentary [pic] fig 2. 1 blockage diagram of dam level warning victimization GSM SMS In this block diagram we are development microcontroller, GSM modem, liquified crystal display, cater allow for, sludge-232, control travelry, lucid level peculiarity. These all are mentioned below. description The main aim is to send SMS when everlastingly the water level crosses the threshold level. And incumbent precautions are taken when ever the water exceeds the last level. To send an SMS to the concerned person we p rovoke legitimate steps to follow.In- coordinate to work with each component parts basic requirement is index fingerfulness planning. without delay the aim is to design the condition tot up section which diversifys 230V AC in to 5V DC. Since 230V AC is too uplifted to adulterate it to instanter 5V DC, therefore we lease a step- fling off transformer that cringes the caper potential drop to legitimate potentiality that exit help us to convert it in to a 5V DC. there are m each examples of reason offer. approximately are knowing to convert laid-back potency AC mains electrical energy to a sui carry over low emf supply for electronics roachs and other devices.A berth supply underside by broken solidifying down into a series of blocks, each of which exercises a particular function. This originator supply is connected to the micro controller. In a very simp dipic form, a micro-controller system digest be viewed as a system that reads from ( oversee s) stimuluss, performs processing and frames to (controls) payoffs. Micro controllers are useful to the purpose that they turn over with other devices, such as sensors, motors, replacinges, pick outpads, displays, memory and even other micro-controllers. coterminous gossip should be stipulation to the microcontroller it is done by the level indicator. take indicator has certain levels when the water touches the divers(prenominal) levels of level indicator the micro controller takes the comment as the level indicator is connected to the ports. This information is displayed on the liquid crystal display. When the liquid crystal display is ON the GSM (Global System for fluid converse) gets delirious by move some commands to the microcontroller. For communication with the micro controller sludge 232 is apply. This is employ to convert the potentiality level that is essential for GSM, then the SMS is passed to the person or concerned authority victimization the GSM.F or controlling the system we are victimization motors. Motors act as beams, which is an ON hit sky. Through this electrical electrical relay action the motors work and controlling of the gates rotter be done. Hardware instalments 1. Power supply 2. micro controller 3. level indicator 4. MAX 232 5. GSM(Global system for unsettled communication) Modem 6. LCD( gas vitreous silica display) 7. control system 2. 2 Power supply The post supplies are intentional to convert eminent potential AC mains electrical energy to a sui sidestep low voltage supply for electronics roachs and other devices.A baronfulness supply fire by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d. c power supply which maintains the output voltage changeless irrespective of a. c mains fluctuations or commove variations is known as â€Å"Regulated D. C Power Supply”. For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below: [pic] image 2. 2 5V regula ted power supply system The regulated DC output is very smooth with no wavelet. It is suitable for all electronic circuits. 2. 2. 1 Transformer Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to a nonher(prenominal) with little loss of power.Transformers work nevertheless with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously eminent mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (al about) fitted to the power in. stigmatise that as voltage is stepped down catamenia is stepped up. 2. 2. 2 Rectifier A circuit which is utilise to convert a. c to dc is known as â€Å"rectifier”. The process of conversion a. c to d. is called â€Å"rectification” Types of rectifier: • half(a)(a) wave Rectifier • Full wave rectifier 1. gist t ap full wave rectifier. 2. twain cause full brace rectifier. nosepiece circuit Rectifier: A bridge rectifier stumbles use of tetrad quartz glass rectifiers in a bridge concord to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely use configuration, both with one-on-one diodes fit out as shown and with single voice bridges where the diode bridge is wired knowledgeablely. A bridge rectifier bemuses use of quartette diodes in a bridge battle array as shown in fig below to achieve full-wave rectification.This is a widely utilise configuration, both with individual(a) diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally. [pic] bod 2. 2. 2 Bridge Rectifier arrangement 2. 2. 3 get through A Filter is a device which deals the a. c component of rectifier output equitable now allows the d. c component to reach the load. We set about seen that the ripple contented in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is 121% or tha t of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such tall percentages of ripples is not acceptable for nigh of the applications.Ripples bathroom be removed by one of the side by side(p) orders of filtering. • A condenser, in p assembly extraction to the load, provides an easier by â€pass for the ripples voltage though it receivable to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d. c. to appears the load. • An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple on-going (due to high impedance at ripple frequency) darn allowing the d. c (due to low resistor to d. c) 2. 2. 4 Regulator potential difference governor ICs is acquirable with set (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. The maximum reliable they jackpot pass in like manner rates them.Negative voltage governors are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from riotous current (‘overlo ad protection) and overheating (‘ caloric protection). M all of the begeted voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the proficient. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the constructive lead of your unregulated DC power supply ( allthing from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the shun lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.Regulator eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage. [pic] chassis 2. 2. 4 Regulator 2. 3 Micro controller (AT89C51) In this project work we are utilise AT89C51 micro-controller. This micro-controller plays a study role. Micro-controllers were skipperly employ as components in complicated process-control systems. However, because of their small size and low price, Micro-controllers are now withal being employ in regulators for individual control loops. In several areas Micro-cont rollers are now outperforming their analog counterparts and are cheaper as well.A Micro controller consists of a powerful central processor tightly coupled with memory RAM, read- provided storage or EPROM), unlike I / O features such as sequent ports, correspond demeanors, horologe/Counters, split Controller, info achievement port wines-analogue to Digital Converter (ADC), Digital to Analog Converter (ADC), everything integrated onto a single Silicon snap off. It does not mean that any micro controller should begin up all the above said features on morsel, Depending on the need and area of application for which it is designed, The ON- amputate features impersonate in it whitethorn or whitethorn not include all the individual section said above.Any microcomputer system requires memory to store a sequence of instructions making up a program, parallel port or attendant port for communicating with an outside(a) system, timer / counter for control purposes like genera ting time delays, Baud rate for the nonparallel port, apart from the controlling unit called the Central Processing Unit 2. 3. 1 Features 1. 8 speckle mainframe optimized for control applications 2. Extensive Boolean processing ( single(a) †twat Logic) Capabilities. 3. On †Chip Flash curriculum memory board 4. On †Chip entropy RAM 5. Bi-directional and on an individual basis Addressable I/O Lines 6. quadruple 16-Bit Timer/Counters . Full Duplex UART 8. Multiple Source / Vector / Priority Interrupt Structure 9. On †Chip Oscillator and clock circuitry. 10. On †Chip EEPROM 11. One Serial communication port 2. 3. 2 Block diagram of 89C51 Fig 2. 3. 2 Block diagram of microcontroller 89C51 SERIES: 89C51 Family, TECHNOLOGY: CMOS This microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM,4K bytes of on-chip ROM, 2 timers, one consequent port and 4 ports(each 8- firearms wide)all on single chip. At that time it was similarly referred to as a â€Å"system on a chip†. The 8051 is an 8- trash processor, heart and soul that the CPU endure work on single 8- plays of entropy at time. Data larger than 8- present moments has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. The 8051 bottomland sacrifice a maximum of 64K bytes of ROM, more manufacturers have put only 4Kbytes on chip. The P89C51 provides the future(a) standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O defines, deuce 16-bit timer/counters, quintuplet vector ii-level educate dance architecture, a full semidetached house serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the P89C51 is designed with static system of system of logic for operation down to adjust frequenc and supports cardinal software selectable power saving modes.The Idle Mode clams the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and reveal system to put out functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. 2. 3. 3 Memory organization schedule Memory range of a function below shows a map of the set about part of the program memory. After reset, the CPU begins execution from hole 0000H. As shown in fig. , each interrupt is assigned a fixed situation in program memory. The interrupt causes the CPU to jump to that location, where it executes the service occasion. impertinent Interrupt 0, for example, is assigned to location 0003H. If impertinent Interrupt 0 is utilize, its service routine must begin at location 0003H. If the interrupt is not employ, its service location is available as general purpose. broadcast memory palmes are always 16 bits wide, even though the echt centre o program memory used whitethorn be less than 64Kbytes. External program execution sacrifices 2 of the 8-bit ports, P0 and P2, to the function of palming the program memory. [pic] Fig 2. 3. 3 Program Memory 2. 3. 4 crepuscle diagram of 89C51 [pi c] Fig 2. 3. 4 autumn plat of AT89C51 2. . 5 Pin description Vcc Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage germ is +5v. Gnd Pin 20 is the backcloth. miens 0, 1, 2 and 3 As shown in pin diagram the tetrad ports P0, P1, P2, and P3 each use of 8 pins making the 8-bit ports. each(prenominal) the ports upon limit are assemble as arousal, since P0-P3 have FFH on them. air 0 porthole 0 occupies a descend of 8 pins (pins 32-33). It shadower be used for excitant or output. demeanor0 is likewise designated as AD0-AD7, allowing it to be used for both address and entropy. When connecting an 8051/31 to an orthogonal memory, port 0 provides both address and data.The 8051 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save pins. ALE=0, it provides data D0-D7, but when ALE=1, it has address A0-A7. Therefore, ALE is used for demultiplexing address address and data with the help of a 74LS373 latch. In the 8051-based systems where there is no outside(a) memory conn ection, the pins of P0 must be connected out-of-doorly to a 10k â€ohm commit resistor. This is due to the fact that P0 is an surface drain, Unlike P1, P2, P3. Open drain is a term used for Mos chips in the corresponding way that open collector is used for TTL chips.In many systems using the 8751, 89C51, or DS89C4x0 chips, we expressionly connect P0 to prolong resistors. With extraneous pull-up resistors connected to P0, it shag be used as a simple I/O port, practiced like P1 and P2. In contrast to Port 0, ports p1, p2, and p3 do not need any pull-up resistors since they already have pull-up resistors internally. Upon reset, ports p1, p2, ad p3 are configured as input ports. Port 1 Port 1 occupies a total of 8-pins (pins1-8). It derriere be used as input or output. In contrast to port 0, this port does not need any pull-up resistors since it already has pull-up resistors internally.Upon reset, port1 is configured as an input port. Port 2 Port 2 occupies a total 8 pins (pi ns 21-28). It back tooth be used as input or output. However, in 8031-based systems, port2 is as well designatedas A8-A15, indicating its dual function. Since an 8051/31 is fitting of accessing 64K bytes of external memory, it needs a route for the 16 bits of the address. While P0 provides the lower 8 bits via A0-A7, it is the job of p2 is used for the upper 8 bits of the 16-bit address, and it screwnot be used for I/O. moreover like P1, port 2 does not need any pull-up resistors since it already has pull-up resistors internally.Upon reset, port2 is configured as an input port. Port 3 Port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 10-17). It sack be used as input or output. P3 does not need any pull-up resistors, just as P1 and P2 did not. Although Port 3 is configured as an input port upon reset, this is not the way it is most parkly used. Port 3 has the superfluous function of providing some super principal(prenominal) manife poses such as interrupts. The below table provides these alternate functions of P3. This is information applies to both 8051 and 8031 chips. Port 3 likewise prevails some control signals for Flash programming and verification. RSTReset input. A high on this pin for 2 utensil cycles while the oscillator is sufferning resets the device. ALE/PROG Prior to each reading from external memory, the microcontroller bequeath set the lower address byte (A0-A7) on P0 and immediately after that activates the output ALE. Upon receiving signal from the ALE pin, the external express (74HCT373 or 74HCT375 circuit is ordinarily embedded) memorizes the terra firma of P0 and uses it as an address for memory chip. In the second part of the microcontroller’s machine cycle, a signal on this pin stops being emitted and P0 is used now for data transmission (Data Bus). In his way, by means of only one additional (and cheap) integrated circuit, data multiplexing from the port is performed. This port at the same time used for data and address transmission. PSEN Program Store modify is the read strobe decrepit to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing mandate from external program memory, PSEN is activated doubly each machine cycle, except that ii PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable (EA). EA must be strapped to GND in order to modify the device to fetch decree from external program memory locations head bring at 0000H up to FFFFH.Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA willing be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also grows the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP. XTAL1 and XTAL2 The 8051 has an on-chip oscillator but requires an external clock to run it. Most often a vitreous silica watch crystallisation oscillator is connected to inputs XTAL1 (pin19) and XTAL2 (pin18). The quartz c rystal oscillator connected to XTAL1 and XTAL2 also needs twain capacitors of 30pf value. One side of each capacitor is connected to the ground.It must be noteworthy that there are various speeds of the 8051 family. expedite refers to the maximum oscillator frequency connected to XTAL. For example, a 12-MHz chip must be connected to a crystal with 12 MHz frequency of no more than 20 MHz. When the 8051 is connected to a crystal oscillator and is powered up, we can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin using the oscilloscope. 2. 3. 6 Timers On-chip time/counting facility has proved the capabilities of the microcontroller for implementing the real time application. These includes im impetus counting, frequency measurement, pulse width measurement, baud rate eneration, etc,. Having fit number of timer/counters whitethorn be a need in a certain design application. The 8051 has devil timers/counters. They can be used either as timers to obtain a time delay or as counters to coun t events incident outside the microcontroller. Let discuss how these timers are used to generate time delays and we will also discuss how they are been used as event counters. 2. 3. 7 Polling In polling the microcontroller continuously monitors the status of a stipulation device; when the status condition is met, it performs the service .After that, it moves on to monitor the next device until each one is serviced. Although polling can monitor the status of several devices and serve each of them as certain condition are met. 2. 3. 8 Interrupts In the interrupts method, whenever any device needs its service, the device notifies the microcontroller by sending it an interrupts signal. Upon receiving an interrupt signal, the microcontroller interrupts whatever it is doing and serves the device. The program associated with the interrupts is called the interrupt service routine (ISR). or interrupt handler.Six Interrupts in the 8051: 1. In reality, only five-spot interrupts are availabl e to the user in the 8051, but many manufacturers’ data sheets state that there are six interrupts since they include reset . the six interrupts in the 8051 are al turn up as above. 2. Reset. When the reset pin is activated, the 8051 jumps to address location 0000. this is the power-up reset. 3. Two interrupts are set aside for the timers: one for Timer 0 and one for Timer 1. Memory location 000BH and 001BH in the interrupt vector table belong to Timer 0 and Timer 1, respectively. 4.Two interrupts are set aside for hardware external harder interrupts. Pin number 5. 12(P3. 2) and 13(P3. 3) in port 3 are for the external hardware interrupts INT0 and INT1,respectively. These external interrupts are also referred to as EX1 and EX2. Memory location 0003H and 0013H in the interrupt vector table are assigned to INT0 and INT1, respectively. 6. Serial communication has a single interrupt that belongs to both receive and transmit. The interrupt vector table location 0023H belongs to th is interrupt. 2. 3. 9 Registers In the CPU, chronicles are used to store information temporarily.That information could be a byte of data to be processed, or an address pointing to the data to be fetched. The great majority of 8051 cross- file cabinets are 8â€bit registers. In the 8051 there is only one data type: 8bits. The 8bits of a register are should in the diagram from the mutual savings bank (most significant bit) D7 to the LSB (least significant bit) D0. With an 8-bit data type, any data larger than 8bits must be broken into 8-bit chunks in advance it is processed. Since there are a large number of registers in the 8051, we will concentrate on some of the widely used general-purpose registers. D7 |D6 |D5 |D4 |D3 |D2 |D1 |D0 | The most widely used registers of the 8051 are A(accumulator), B, R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, DPTR(data pointer), and PC(program counter). All of the above registers are 8-bits, except DPTR and the program counter. The accumulator, register A , is used for all arithmetic and logic instructions. 2. 3. 10 Serial communication Computers can transfer data in 2 ways: parallel and serial.In parallel data transfers, often 8 or more stocks (wire conductors) are used to transfer data to a device that is only a few feet away. Examples of parallel transfers are printers and hard disks; each uses argumentations with many wire strips. Although in such cases a lot of data can be transferred in a short union of time by using many wires in parallel, the distance cannot be great. To transfer to a device located many meters away, the serial method is used. In serial communication, the data is direct one bit at a time, in contrast to parallel communication, in which the data is sent a byte or more at a time.Serial communication of the 8051 is the topic of this chapter. The 8051 has serial communication capability make into it, there by making practical fast data transfer using only a few wires. Serial data communication uses both methods, asynchronous and synchronous. The synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time, while the asynchronous method transfers a single byte at a time. The 8051 transfers and receives data serially at many varied baud rates. The baud rate in the 8051 is programmable. This is done with the help of Timer1. The 8051 divides the crystal frequency by 12 to get the machine cycle frequency.The 8051’s serial communication UART circuitry divides the machine cycle frequency of 921. 6 kHz divided by 32 once more in front it is used by Timer 1 to set the Baud rate. SBUF register SBUF is an 8-bit register used solely for serial communication in the 8051. For a byte of data to be transferred via the TXD extraction, it must be dictated in the SBUF register. in like manner, SBUF holds the byte of data when it is legitimate by the 8051’s RXD line. SBUF can be accessed like any other register in the 8051. The spot a byte is indite into SBUF, it is framed with the t rigger and stop bits and transferred serially via the TXD pin.Similarly, when the bits are received serially via RXD, the 8051 defames it by eliminating the stop and pass away bits, making a byte out of the data received, and then placing it in the SBUF. SCON (serial control) register The SCON register is an 8-bit register used to program the start bit, stop bit, and data bits of data framing, among other things. Transmit In mode0 the data transmission in form of pulse train mechanically starts on the pin RXD at the moment the data has been written to the SBUF register. In fact, this process starts after any instruction being performed on this register.Upon all 8 bits have been sent, the bit TI in the SCON register is automatically set. In mode1 a sequence for data transmission via serial communication is automatically started upon the data has been written to the SBUF register. End of 1 byte transmission is indicated by setting the TI bit in the SCON register. In mode2 TI (transm it interrupt) is bit D1 of the SCON register. This is an extremely important flag bit in the SCON register. When the 8051 finishes the transfer of the 8-bit igniteacter, it raises the TI flag to indicate that it is ready to transfer another byte.The TI bit is raised at the scratch of the stop bit. Receive In mode0 data receiving starts through the pin RXD once two incumbent conditions are met: bit REN=1 and RI=0 (both bits reside in the SCON register). Upon 8 bits have been received, the bit RI (register SCON) is automatically set, which indicates that one byte is received. In mode1 data receiving starts as in short as the START bit (logic zero (0)) appears on the pin RXD. The condition is that bit REN=1and bit RI=0. Both of them are stored in the SCON register. The RI bit is automatically set upon receiving has been completed.In mode2 RI (receive interrupt) is the D0 of the SCON register. This is another extremely important flag bit in the SCON register. When the 8051 receives d ata serially via RXD, it gets rid of the start and stop bits and places the byte in the SBUF register. t so it raises the RI flag bit to indicate that a byte has been received and should be picked up before it is lost. RI is raised halfway through the stop bit. 2. 4 train Indicator take indicator is used to indicate the different water levels in the dams. Liquid level indicator is used to indicate the water present at what level. present we are considering three level Low level . fair level and High level, as the liquid level increases a message is sent to the concern person regard level of water. The main purpose of this level indicator is it checks the water level and gives the input information to micro controller. 2. 5 MAX 232 The MAX232 from byword was the first IC which in one package contains the indispensable drivers (two) and recipient roles (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. 10V and +10V) internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry designers no long need to design and build a power supply with three voltages (e. g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just provide one +5V power supply, e. g. with the help of a simple 78×05 voltage converter. The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. The ICs are near identical, however, the MAX232A is much more often used (and easier to get) than the original MAX232, and the MAX232A only needs external capacitors 1/10th the capacity of what the original MAX232 needs.It should be noted that the MAX 232(A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not de enroll the RS-232 signal, and it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. â€Å"All it does is to convert signal voltage levels”. The MAX 232(A) has two receivers (converts from RS-232 to TTL voltage levels) and two drivers (converts from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels). This means only two of the RS-232 signals can be converted in each direction. The old MC1488/1498 combo provided four drivers and receivers.The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1. 3 V and a typical hysteresis of 0. 5 V, and can accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels. The RS232 standard is not TTL compatible; therefore, it requires a line driver such as the MAX232 chip to convert RS232 voltage levels to TTL levels, and vice versa.The interfacing of 8051 with RS232 connectors via the MAX232 chip is the main topic. The 8051 has two pins that are used specifically for transferring and receiving data serially. These two pins are called TXD and RXD and a part of the port 3 group (P3. 0 and P3. 1). Pin 11 of the 8051 is assigned to TXD and pin 10 is designated as RXD. These pins are TTL compatible; therefore, they require a line driver to make them RS232 compatible. One such line driver is the MAX232 chip. [pic] Fig 2. 5 8051 connection to RS232 MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and vice versa.One advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5V power source which, is the same as the source voltage for the 8051. In the other words, with a single +5V power supply we can power both the 8051 and MAX232, with no need for the power supplies that are common in many old(a) systems. The MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data. The line drivers used for TXD are called T1 and T2, while the line drivers for RXD are designated as R1 and R2. In many applications only one of each is used. 2. 6 GSM (Global system for mobile communication) ModemA modem (modulator-demodulator) i s a device that modulates an analog carrier wave signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The object is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to create the original digital data. A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone. A GSM modem can be an external modem device, such as the Wavecom FASTRACK Modem.Insert a GSM SIM card into this modem, and connect the modem to an available serial port on your computer. A GSM modem can be a PC placard cut ined in a notebook computer computer, such as the Nokia Card Phone. A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the curb cable and software driver to connect to a serial port on your computer. Phones such as the Nokia 7110 with a DLR-3 ca ble, or various Ericsson phones, are often used for this purpose. A dedicated GSM modem (external or PC Card) is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone.This is because of some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones. For example, if you regard to be able to receive inbound MMS messages with your gateway, and you are using a mobile phone as your modem, you must employ a mobile phone that does not support WAP push or MMS. This is because the mobile phone automatically processes these messages, without forwarding them via the modem interface. Similarly some mobile phones will not allow you to correctly receive SMS text messages longer than 160 bytes (known as â€Å"concatenated SMS” or â€Å"long SMS”).This is because these long messages are actually sent as separate SMS messages, and the phone attempts to reassemble the message before forwarding via the modem interface. (We’ve observed this latter problem utilizing the Ericsson R380, while it does not appear to be a problem with many other Ericsson models. ) When you install your GSM modem, or connect your GSM mobile phone to the computer, be sure to install the appropriate Windows modem driver from the device manufacturer. To simplify configuration, the Now SMS/MMS Gateway will communicate with the device via this driver.An additional benefit of utilizing this driver is that you can use Windows diagnostics to ensure that the modem is communicating decorously with the computer. The Now SMS/MMS gateway can simultaneously support multiple modems, provided that your computer hardware has the available communications port resources. 2. 6. 1 Architecture of GSM network A GSM network is composed of several cart track(a) entities, whose functions and interfaces are specified. Figure 1 shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. The unstable piazza is carried by the subscriber.The rootage mail Subsystem controls the ra dio link with the expeditious carry. The web Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile serve fracture Center ( disseminated sclerosis), performs the break of calls amid the mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also handles the mobility focussing operations. Not shown are the Operations A GSM network is composed of several serviceable entities, whose functions and interfaces are specified. Figure shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts.Subscriber carries the Mobile localise. The invertebrate foot Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station. The lucre Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile service substitution Center (MSC), performs the reverse of calls between the mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also handles the mobility management operations. Not shown is the Operations intendance Center, which oversees the worthy operation and setup of the network. The Mobile Station and the story Station Subsystem communicate crossways the Um interface, also known as the air interface or radio link.The Base Station Subsystem communicates with the Mobile services slip Center across the A interface. [pic] Fig 2. 6. 1 General architecture of a GSM network Mobile Station: The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a chic card called the Subscriber Identity mental faculty (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access to offer services irrespective of a specific terminal. By inseting the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services.The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to spot the subscriber to the system, a secret key for assay-mark, and other information. The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing personal mobility. The SIM card may be defend once against unauthorized use by a password or personal identicalness number. Base Station Subsystem: The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC).These communicate across the standardized Abis interface, allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation between components do by different suppliers. The Base Transceiver Station houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and handles the radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station. In a large urban area, there will potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed, and so the requirements for a BTS are ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost. The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It handles radio-channel setup, frequency hopping , and handovers, as exposit below.The BSC is the connection between the mobile station and the Mobile service Switching Center (MSC). Network Subsystem The central component of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC). It acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN, and additionally provides all the practicableity needed to handle a mobile subscriber, such as registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, and call routing to a roaming subscriber. These services are provided in company with several functional entities, which together form the Network Subsystem.The MSC provides the connection to the fixed net kit and caboodle (such as the PSTN or ISDN). Signalling between functional entities in the Network Subsystem uses Signalling System Number 7 (SS7), used for trunk signalling in ISDN and widely used in current public networks. The family line Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR), together with the MSC, provide the call-routing and roaming capabilities of GSM. The HLR contains all the administrative information of each subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM network, along with the current location of the mobile.The location of the mobile is typically in the form of the signaling address of the VLR associated with the mobile as a distributed database station. The actual routing procedure will be described later. There is logically one HLR per GSM network, although it may be implemented The Visitor Location Register (VLR) contains selected administrative information from the HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the subscribed services, for each mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR.Although each functional entity can be implemented as an independent unit, all manufacturers of switching equipment to date implement the VLR together with the MSC, so that the geographical area controlled by the MSC corresponds to that controlled by th e VLR, thus simplifying the signalling undeniable. Note that the MSC contains no information about particular mobile stations — this information is stored in the location registers. The other two registers are used for authentication and security purposes.The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on the network, where each mobile station is identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). An IMEI is marked as incapacitate if it has been reported stolen or is not type approved. The Authentication Center (AuC) is a protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in each subscribers SIM card, which is used for authentication and encryption over the radio channel. 2. 6. 2 heady modem(GSM/GPRS)Analogic’s GSM overbold Modem is a multi-functional, ready to use, rugged and versatile modem that can be embedded or blocked into any application. The Smart Modem can be customized to var ious applications by using the standard AT commands. The modem is fully type-approved and can directly be integrated into your projects with any or all the features of Voice, Data, Fax, SMS, and Internet etc. Smart Modem kit contains the following items: 1. Analogic’s GSM/GPRS Smart Modem 2. SMPS based power supply adapter. 3. 3 dBi antenna with cable (optional: other types) 4. Data cable (RS232) 5. User ManualTemperature Range: in operation(p) temperature: from -200C to +550C Storage temperature: from -250C to +700C Installing the modem: To install the modem, showstopper the device on to the supplied SMPS Adapter. For Automotive applications fix the modem for good using the mounting slots (optional as per your requirement dimensions). Inserting/ Removing the SIM Card: To insert or Remove the SIM Card, it is necessary to press the SIM pallbearer cartridge ejector button with Sharp edge object like a pen or a needle. With this, the SIM holder comes out a little, then pul ls it out and insert or remove the SIM Card [pic]Fig 2. 6. 2 Inserting/Removing the sim card into the modem Make sure that the ejector is pushed out completely before accessing the SIM Card holder do not remove the SIM card holder by mogul or tamper it (it may permanently damage). Place the SIM Card Properly as per the direction of the installation. It is very important that the SIM is located in the right direction for its proper running(a) condition. attaching External Antenna Connect GSM Smart Modem to the external antenna with cable end with SMA male. The Frequency of the antenna may be GSM 900/1800 MHz.The antenna may be (0 dbi, 3 dbi or short length L-type antenna) as per the field conditions and signal conditions. DC Supply Connection The Modem will automatically turn ON when connection is wedded to it. The following is the Power Supply essential: Connecting Modem to external devices: RS232 can be used to connect to the external device through the D-SUB/ USB (for USB m odel only) device that is provided in the modem. 2. 7 LCD (Liquid crystal display) Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have corporals, which combine the properties of both liquids and crystals.Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are class together in an ordered form similar to a crystal. An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in between them. The inside surface of the glass plates are surface with transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined penchant angle.When the LCD is in the off state, well-off rays are rotated by the two polarisers and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD a ppears transparent. When sufficient voltage is apply to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would be aline in a specific direction. The light rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarisers, which would result in activating/ highlighting the desired characters. The LCD does don’t generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using backlighting, reading is realistic in the dark.The LCD’s have long life and a wide operational(a) temperature range. 2. 7. 1 Pin description of LCD: [pic] VCC, VSS and VEE: While VCC and VSS provide +5V and ground respectively, VEE is used for controlling LCD contrast. The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW. EN: The EN line is called â€Å"Enable”. This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should first set this line high (1) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data muckle. RS: The RS line is the â€Å"Register Select” line.When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command or special instruction. When RS is high (1), the data that is sent is a text data which should be displayed on the screen. RW: The RW line is the â€Å"Read/Write” control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction (â€Å"Get LCD status”) is a read command. All others are write commands, so RW will almost be low. 2. 7. 2 LCD Interfacing Sending commands and data to LCDs with a time delay: [pic] Fig 2. 6. Interfacing of LCD to a micro controller To send any command from command list to the LCD, make pin RS=0. For data, make RS=1. Then sends a high â€to-low pulse to the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD. 2. 8 Control System The controlling is done through the motors. present relays acts as motors. A  relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. Relays find applications where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal advance in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Since relays are switches, the nomenclature apply to switches is also applied to relays. A relay will switch one or more poles, each of whose soupcons can be thrown by energizing the coil in one of three ways: 1. Normally-open (NO) take ons connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is separated when the relay is inactive. It is also called a  knead A fill or â€Å"make” contact. 2.Normally- unappealing (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or â€Å"break” contact. 3. Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one normally- decisiond contact with a common terminal. It is also called a Form C contact or â€Å"transfer” contact (â€Å"break before make”). If this type of contact utilizes â€Å"make before break” functionality, then it is called a Form D contact. The following designations are commonly encountered:SPST â€ unity terminal Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology â€Å"SPNO” and â€Å"SPNC” is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity. SPDT â€ Single Pole bivalent Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total. DPST â€ Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST switches or relays activate by a single coil.Including two for the coil, such a relay has six terminals in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each). DPDT â€ Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. much(prenominal) a relay has eight terminals, including the coil. Here in this project we are using single pole single throw. The relay has 3 pins, 1st pin is connected to the input, 2nd pin to the output and tertiary pin is connected to the ground. When input is given magnetic flux is generated and the motor starts rotating and the gate will be opened according to the development.A motor receives power through two or more relays connected to a power source. A switch-operated logic circuit is pow ered by a relay power source and connects to the relays. To start the motor, the switch is touch, causing the logic circuit to close the relays sequentially. When all the relays are closed, the motor will start. If the motor starts before the logic circuit closes all of the relays, the motor is stopped and an indication is provided that the relays that have not yet been closed have failed. Otherwise, the motor runs until the switch is pressed again, causing the logic circuit to open the relays and stop the motor.A power relay is a switch that uses an electromagnet to open or close a circuit. The basic design of a relay utilizes an electromagnet coil, an armature, a spring and one or more contacts. If the power relay is designed to normally be open, the circuit is not completed when in the off state. As power is applied to the power relay, generally from a battery source, the electromagnet attracts the armature, a movable arm often made of iron. The armature, which was held in place by the spring, is pulled in the direction of the coil until it reaches a contact, thus closing the circuit.If the relay is normally closed, then the coil pulls the armature away from the contact, opening the circuit. A power relay can be operated using a low amount of voltage but can also conduct a higher amount of voltage. In our project we are using a sub image able motor that is nothing but a motor. When a motor starts, the phase controller applies power to the windings so that they become magnetized with the polarity that attracts the permenant magnets on the rotor coil coil; this causes the rotor to begin rotating.As the permanent magnets on the rotor rotate past the electro-magnetic windings the phase controller reverses the polarity on the winding so that the winding repels the permanent magnets on the rotor. As the motor runs, the phase controller keeps switching windings on so that they are always attracting the permanent magnets on the rotor then repelling the per manent magnets on the rotor; this keeps it rotating. CHAPTER 3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Fig 3 Schematic Diagram 3. 1 Circuit description This section gives an overview of the undivided circuitry and hardware involved in the project. The required operating voltage for Microcontroller 89C51 is 5V.Hence the 5V D. C. power supply is needed by the same. This regulated 5V is generated by stepping down the voltage from 230V to 12V using step down transformer. Now the step downed a. c voltage is being rectified by the Bridge Rectifier using 1N4007 diodes. The rectified a. c voltage is now filtered using a ‘RC’ filter. Now the rectified, filtered D. C. voltage is feed to the potential Regulator. This voltage regulator provides/allows us to have a Regulated constant Voltage which is of +5V. The rectified; filtered and regulated voltage is again filtered for ripples using an electrolytic capacitor speed of light?F. Now the output from this section is fed to 40th pin of 89c51 microcont roller to supply operating voltage. The microcontroller 89C51 with Pull up resistors at Port0 and crystal oscillator of 11. 0592 MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of 30-33pf capacitors is placed at eighteenth & 19th pins of 89c51 to make it work (execute) properly. operate voltage for the GSM modem will depends on its type and an adaptor is provided with the GSM modem set itself. Here in this project various levels in dams are monitored and if they exceed the threshold values a SMS is sent through the concerned person.To perform all these activities first of all different levels should be monitor using liquid level indicators. These level indicators are placed in dam at different levels like level1, level2, level3 etc… whenever if any level overflows automatically information is sent to the control section using GSM modem. The controlling part of the water level is also done by the controller through the instructions given by the developer. In this process the contr oller checks the number of threshold levels that are crossed and according to that the gates are being controlled.When modem receives the message controller will communicate with the modem through serial communication. As we can not directly give the data to the controller due to the voltage level difference between the GSM modem and the controller because GSM modem works on RS 232 logic levels whereas micro controller works on TTL logic levels and also we are using PC in this project which is also a RS 232 logic based. So to have compatibility we are using MAX 232. MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and vice versa.One advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5V power source which, is the same as the source voltage for the 8051. In the other words, with a single +5V power supply we can power both the 8051 and MAX232, with no need for the power supplies. The MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data. The line drivers used for TXD are called T1 and T2, while the line drivers for RXD are designated as R1 and R2. By using this to TX and RX pins we are going to communicate with the controller. CHAPTER 4 FLOW CHART TX handbuild: [pic] RX Loop: [pic] CHAPTER 5 SCOPE AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTIt can be further enhanced by adding dtmf decoder to control the gate s of the dam and we send one monosodium glutamate to GSM amd that will be send the water level of the dam. If any unauthorized person tries to control the gate the GSM modem activate and that will pass this information to the authorized person. CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION The project â€Å"DAM level monition apply GSM-SMS” has been successfully designed and tested. It has been developed by integrating features of all the hardware components used. Presence of every mental faculty has been reasoned out and placed guardedly thus contributing to the best working of the unit.Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s and with the help of growing te chnology the project has been successfully implemented. Finally we argue that â€Å"DAM LEVEL WARNING USING GSM-SMS” is an emerging field and there is a huge scope for research and development. CHAPTER 7 BIBILOGRAPHY 1. WWW. MITEL. DATABOOK. COM 2. WWW. ATMEL. DATABOOK. COM 3. WWW. FRANKLIN. COM 4. WWW. KEIL. COM 5. WWW. NATIONAL. COM 6. WWW. ATMEL. COM 7. WWW. littleSOFTSEARCH. COM 8. WWW. GEOCITIES. COM 9. 8051-MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM. -Mohd. Mazidi 10. The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, programming & Applications -Kenneth J.Ayala 11. Fundamentals of Micro processors and Micro computers -B. tup 12. Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications -Ramesh S. Gaonkar 13. radiocommunication Communications -Theodore 14. S. Rappaport Mobile Tele Communications -William C. Y. downwind CHAPTER 8 APPENDIX Source code Software used: Keil software for c programming About keil software: It is possible to create the source files in a text editor such as Notepad, run the Compiler on each C source file, specifying a list of controls, run the Assembler on each Assembler source file, specifying nother list of controls, run either the Library Manager or Linker (again specifying a list of controls) and finally running the Object-HEX Converter to convert the Linker output file to an Intel swearword File. Once that has been completed the Hex File can be downloaded to the locate hardware and debugged. Alternatively KEIL can be used to create source files; automatically compile, link and covert using options set with an easy to use user interface and finally simulate or perform debugging on the hardware with access to C variables and memory. Unless you have to use the tolls on the command line, the choice is clear.KEIL Greatly simplifies the process of creating and exam an embedded application The user of KEIL centers on â€Å"projects”. A project is a list of all the source files required to build a single application, al l the rooster options which specify on the button how to build the application, and †if required †how the application should be simulated. A project contains enough information to take a set of source files and generate exactly the binary code required for the application. Because of the high degree of flexibility required from the beasts, there are many options that can be set to configure the tools to operate in a specific manner.It would be deadening to have to set these options up every time the application is being built; therefore they are stored in a project file. Loading the project file into KEIL informs KEIL which source files are required, where they are, and how to configure the tools in the correct way. KEIL can then execute each tool with the correct options. It is also possible to create new projects in KEIL. Source files are added to the project and the tool options are set as required. The project is reloaded and the simulator or debugger started, all the desired windows are opened. KEIL project files have the extension Simulator/Debugger tag include #include #include sbit M1 = P2^0; sbit M2 = P2^1; sbit M3 = P2^2; sbit L1 = P3^5; sbit L2 = P3^6; sbit L3 = P3^7; sbit Buz = P3^4; void TxMsg(unsigned char *msg,unsigned char *mno) { Send(â€Å"AT+CMGS=”); Send(mno); storage area_high(2); Send(msg); } void main() { bit L1_flag=0,L2_flag=0,L3_flag=0; LCD_Init(); Disp_Str(” pee take â€Å"); LCD_Cmd(0xC0); Disp_Str(â€Å" ideal System â€Å"); M1=M2=M3=0; Buz = 1; confine (200); SConfig(); While (1) { If (L1==0 && L2==1 && L3==1 && L1_flag==0) { L1_flag=1; L2_flag=0; L3_flag=0; Buz = 1; M1 = 1; M2 = 0; M3 = 0; LCD_Cmd (0x80); Disp_Str (â€Å" piss Level â€Å"); LCD_Cmd (0xC0);Disp_Str (â€Å"** medium **”); TxMsg (â€Å"water system Level †MEDIUM”,”9951024603″); TxMsg (â€Å" peeing Level †MEDIUM”,”9848997946″); TxMsg (â€Å" weewee Level †MEDIUM”,”9966644775″); TxMsg (â€Å" piss Level †MEDIUM”,”9299804677″); TxMsg (â€Å" pissing Level †MEDIUM”,”9849974776″); Delay (200); } else If (L1==0 && L2==0 && L3==1 && L2_flag==0) { L2_flag=1; L3_flag=0; L1_flag=0; Buz = 1; M1 = 1; M2 = 1; M3 = 0; LCD_Cmd (0x80); Disp_Str (â€Å"water system Level â€Å"); LCD_Cmd (0xC0); Disp_Str (â€Å"** proud **”); TxMsg (â€Å" water supply Level †HIGH”,”9951024603″); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level †HIGH”,”9848997946”); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level †HIGH”,”9966644775″);TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level †HIGH”,”9299804677″); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level †HIGH”,”9849974776″); Delay (200); } else if (L1==0 && L2==0 && L3==0 && L3_flag==0) // Level †3 { L3_flag=1; L2_flag = 0; L1_flag=0; B uz = 0; M1 = 1; M2 = 1; M3 = 1; LCD_Cmd (0x80); Disp_Str (â€Å"Water Level â€Å"); LCD_Cmd (0xC0); Disp_Str (â€Å"** VERY HIGH **”); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level †VERY HIGH”,”951024603″); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level †VERY HIGH”,”9848997946″); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level †VERY HIGH”,”9966644775″); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level †VERY HIGH”,”9299804677″); TxMsg (â€Å"Water Level †VERY HIGH”,”9849974776″); Delay (200); }else if(L1==1 && L2==1 && L3==1) Buz = 1; L1_flag=0; L2_flag=0; L3_flag=0; M1 = 0; M2 = 0; M3 = 0; LCD_Cmd (0x80); Disp_Str (â€Å"Water Level â€Å"); LCD_Cmd (0xC0); Disp_Str (â€Å"** regular**”); } } } KIT PHOTOS OF DAM LEVEL WARNING USING GSM SMS [pic] Kit photo of dam level warning using GSM SMS ———————†GSM MODEM MAX-232 billet SUPPLY CONTROL SYSTEM LCD LIQUID LEVEL INDICA TOR Level-3 ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††— ††††††Level-2- †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††Level-1 ††††††††††— †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††â⠂¬ — ———RESERVIOUR— MICRO CONTRO-LLER Tx Rx P0 P1 P2 P3 COUNTER INPUTS EXTERNAL crock upS CPU series PORT 4 I/O PORTS BUS CONTROL OSC TIMER 0 TIMER 1 ON CHIP RAM ON-CHIP RAM ON-CHIP FLASH INTERRUPT CONTROL RESET INTERRUPT LOCATIONS 8 bytes (0033)H 002BH 0023H 001BH 0013H 000BH 0003H 0000H\r\n'

'Summary of Radical Idea of Marrying for Love\r'

'In the look for â€Å"The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love”, Stephanie Coontz discusses the modify spousal has made among the different stopping points or so the world and how it went from being an act that was unavoidable to something that was done for personal joy and fulfill handst. For nearly cultures conjugation was an act that was done as a necessity. Couples married because they needed to spue and ensure that their family continued to harbour property and power.\r\nThe romance of man and wife did not pull through and it was discouraged in most cultures for the couples to spillway in eff forward marriage. nearly marriages were arranged by the family, the couples did not adopt because of being in lie with. In the Chinese culture the man could return the wife to her father if it appeared the husband and the wife were to a fault in love. The husband had duties to perform as well as the wife and if those duties were overlook because the couple was too in love it was looked down upon.\r\nCouples weren’t supposed to love their spouses. It was everyday for each partner to have a mistress. The mistress was the one they were to be intimate with. In fact it was common for the couples to explore intimacy outside the marriage openly. The couples depending on culture would share spouses with new(prenominal) couples, or even siblings. In the Bari culture it was common for the wo workforce to be with former(a) workforce even during pregnancy. However at while of birth the women could name all the partners she had been with since she knew she was prengnat.\r\nThe men would help support the child. Acts such as this are not accepted in all cultures. In more new-fangled centuries couples began to fall in love before they married; although it is still looked down upon in certain cultures. Certain critics felt that if women and men were in love before marriage that things would change in marriage. They felt that men and women would c hoose mates based on what made them happy at the event and then could decide to not be married if they were no longer happy.\r\nThe stem of marriage and love has changed over account statement and umteen cultures still have flux beliefs on what is acceptable within the marriage. beingness in love is not a necessity before marriage and those that intend this also feel that it is acceptable to run a risk intimacy outside the marriage. While other cultures believe that you should marry for love and be faithful to your spouse. Marriage is one of the many things that vary depending on culture and the beliefs among those cultures regarding marriage has also changed over the centuries.\r\n'

'Benefits of Activity Based Costing Essay\r'

'In order to settle a profit on payoff, the blotto would have to charge a hurt that is bullyer than the toll of production. Gener solelyy, the personify of production is understood to be the greet of producing a good plus the approach of ecstasy to the consumer. In order to stay in agate line, and thence, to avoid losses at each possible cost †the firm must cover all(prenominal) cost link up to the production of the good and include all be to deliver the equivalent to the consumer at a price that is last-pitcheder than the cost of production.\r\nThe operate or overheard expenses of an initiative atomic trope 18 generated by its activities to perform its business and/or manufacturing processes successfully. As its name implies, act ground be relates the costs facing the enterprise to its various activities. By so doing, this organisation of be provides pretty accurate discernledge about costs, allowing businesses to in effect(p)ly manage their be lt expenses in order to increase their revenues (Cooper, 1988). It is and commonsensical that companies whitethorn work on cutting their costs once they know what is driving these costs.\r\nBy improving their processes in order to cut costs, businesses whitethorn spend a penny outstandinger lettuce than before. What is more, by distinguishing high be activities needed to pay off authorized goods or serve certain customers, companies may decide to commission instead on low be products or customers by reduction their production of or avail to high be products or customers. In this way, they may shift their focus to products or customers that be more economic to divulge or to serve. Thus, precaution experts cite the side by side(p) benefits of action mechanism ground costing as opposed to traditional modes of costing:\r\nIdentifying the nigh and least profit equal customers, products and channels. Determine the on-key contri neverthelessors to†and detractor s fromâ€financial performance. Accurately predict costs, profits and resource requirements associated with changes in production volumes, organizational structure and resource costs. Easily identify the root ca commits of poor financial performance. spread over costs of activities and work processes. Equip managers with cost intelligence to drive alterments. Facilitate offend Marketing Mix.\r\nEnhance the bargaining spring with the customer. Achieve better Positioning of products. (â€Å" action ground Costing,” 2008). Businesses that benefit the most from activity ground costing argon those with high manufacturing operating expenses or overhead costs. These costs may result from a divers(a) range or products, intensity of capital, or vertically integrated organization of manufacturing. occupation base costing may attend to such businesses not solitary(prenominal) to empathise but alike to control their operating expenses so as to increase their revenues (Oà ¢â‚¬â„¢Guin, 1991, p. 76).\r\nOrganizations with tumescent marketing, sales or distribution costs may also reap great benefits from activity establish costing. As mentioned previously, this method of costing identifies those customers that are most profit equal to(p) from those that are least profitable. This provides insight to management on how to better operations. With activity base costing, such businesses may be able to answer questions such as: â€Å"What discounts are appropriate for large orders? What size accounts should salespersons no longer call on? How effective is advertising to different markets?\r\n” (O’Guin, p. 76). Firms that are experiencing soggy or low positivity on increasing sales may be suffering from growth that is unmanaged. It may in truth well be that these businesses are exchange products at losses to a number of customers. The accounting system of accurately mensuration costs, that is, activity based costing, would allow these firms to order which of their customers and products are generating revenues and which are not (O’Guin, p. 76). O’Guin describes another benefit of the activity based costing system thus:\r\n even up with a diverse product take out or customer base and truly high profitability, a company lack an ABC system is surprisingly vulnerable. product profitability probably varies widely crossways the company. Highly profitable products present an unresisting target to new market entrants. anxiety should know which products are reaping enormous margins, so they can erect barriers to entry. (p. 76). Also fit to O’Guin, the activity based costing system provides not only strategical but also tactical benefits to businesses that weapon it.\r\nWhereas benefits that are strategic in constitution may be realized only once in a aristocratic moon, for the simple reason that organizations cannot be evaluate to change their pricing, business operations, distribution or man ufacturing processes each year †tactical benefits may be realized constantly. Indeed, activity based costing could serve well businesses not only with reduction of overhead costs, but also just-in-time support, improvement of quality, decisions about design, and investment in capital. Thus, businesses that implement the activity based costing system may improve their profitability on an ongoing basis (O’Guin, p.\r\n76). In the twenty first century, companies that have a matched edge are those that economize flexibility, a trend that has been recognized as a critical factor for success since the 1990s. Life cycles of products have been shortened and focus on the customer has become increasingly important. As economies of scale virtually disappear, manufacturing plants that are successful are those that are able to quickly introduce innovative products and economically produce small quantities. Activity based costing system can help businesses tremendously to achieve t hese goals.\r\nWhat is more, this system of costing could assist businesses of the twenty first century to achieve their goal to increase employee motivation. With the activity based costing system in place, employees increase their understanding of business activities and therefore their involvement in business operations. So, for example, whenever they give away a mound of papers they would make up ones mind overhead costs, leading them to the following questions: why do we have so some bills? Why are there so many process involved in our purchase orders (O’Guin, p.\r\n76)? Thus, the activity based costing system encourages businesses to push their rates of cost drivers down. This helps in the reduction of time to setup, streamlines buying, in addition to time taken to education a product. When costs are attached to each of these processes or activities, management may not only measure but also plan improvement (O’Guin, p. 76). As mentioned before, some of these improvements may entail reducing production of goods or serve well to customers that cost more to produce or service than the others.\r\nHence, the activity based costing system may also lead the business that implements it to improve upon its marketing mix or positioning of its products. If products and customers that cost more than the others are required by the company to produce or serve in the same quantity as before, however, activity based costing system helps the organization to improve its processes in order to decrease its costs without reducing the quantity to produce or serve. After all, it is only possible to improve inefficient processes.\r\nBecause activity based costing allows the company to weigh the costs of activities against their benefits, firms that use it are in a great position to increase the efficiency of all of their processes so as to gain competitive advantages. References Activity Based Costing. (2008). Value Based Management. Retrieved Jan 27, 2009, from http://www. valuebasedmanagement. net/methods_abc. html. Cooper, R. (1988, Summer). The Rise of Activity-Based Costing †constituent One: What is an Activity-Based Cost System? ledger of Cost Management, pp. 45-54. O’Guin, M. C. (1991). The Complete pack to Activity-based Costing. Chicago, IL: CCH Tax and Accounting.\r\n'

'Lady Macbeth As A Catalyst To Evil Essay\r'

'The bearing â€Å"behind perpetuallyy worldly concern, there is a wo small-arm,” rings true even in the Shakespeargonan tragedy Macbeth. doll Macbeth is the accelerator pedal that ignites the fire to Macbeth’s ambition. It is because she challenges his masculinity, questions his neck, and belittles his intrepidity that Macbeth murders Duncan. His dame provides impetus for him to abandon all genuine nature in order to obtain what they both desire. Macbeth would non have remove Duncan and continued on a downwards spiral of evil were it not for the spare push from his ruthless and overly manque wife.\r\nMacbeth is fil conduct with great hubris. peeress Macbeth plays on this pride when she challenges his masculinity. She goads him by facial expression, â€Å"When you durst do it, consequently you were a man / [. . .], you would / be so such(prenominal) more the man.” (Shakespeare, Macbeth. 1.7.49-51). skirt Macbeth tells her economise to kill Du ncan to prove that he is a man, and states how much more of a man he will be as king. Eugene M. Waith states in his criticism Manhood and braveness in Macbeth, that â€Å"the pangs of Macbeth’s conscience [. . .] are no more than effeminate, childish fears to Lady Macbeth.”(64) She has a great deal of author over Macbeth; this power is the mere the true that she possesses more of a manly case that he himself does.\r\nMacbeth is ambitious enough to trust to deform king, but would not call back of murdering Duncan. Because Lady Macbeth knows this, she understands the necessity to push Macbeth into performing the deed. She does this by questioning his love for her. ” What puppet was’t then / that made you tire this enterprise to me?/ [. . .] I would, while it was buoyant in my face, / have plucked my pap from his boneless gums a/ nd flecked the brains out, had I sworn so as you / have done to this.” (Mac. 1. 7. 47-48. 55-58) In look this, L ady Macbeth proves her devotion to her lord and asks him to do the same. Lady Macbeth tells him that his love is worth zippo if he refuses to go by dint of with the plan, â€Å"[. . .] saying that his love is as accountable as his indecisiveness.” (Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Switch Roles. www.planetpapers.com) Macbeth wants his wife to love and trust him, so he follows through with their plan.\r\nMacbeth is brave when it comes to thought, but when it comes to action he is somewhat of a moral coward. Lady Macbeth bullies her husband into the action that will stimulate them the throne. The final way she badgers Macbeth is by depreciative his bravery. â€Å"We fail! / But screw your courage to the sticking-place / and we’ll not fail.” (Mac. 1.7. 59-61) Macbeth views himself as the epitome of bravery and upon hearing these words from the woman he loves, he succumbs to their ambitions.\r\nLady Macbeth taunts him for his cowardice, â€Å"under the angle of her repr oaches of cowardice he has dared do more, and has become less [. . .]” (Brooks. 45). Throughout the Renaissance, the idea that to be courageous is to be a man prevails. At the blood of the play, Macbeth represents the ideal Elizabethan hero; therefore, bravery is an important voice attribute. Lady Macbeth’s ruthlessness and consumption of Macbeth causes him to defy his true principles and to murder Duncan.\r\nFrom the beginning of Act One Scene Five, until after the murder of Duncan, it is evident that Lady Macbeth manipulates and convinces Macbeth to do evil. Lady Macbeth knew that he would never go through with it alone, she realizes that he holds too much of the â€Å"milk of human kindness” (Mac. 1.5.12) to ever complete such an appalling feat. Lady Macbeth uses persuasion to coerce her husband. Had she not mocked his masculinity, challenged of his love, and vilified his bravery, Macbeth would not have been pressured into the murder of his king and discom bobulate onto a path of malevolence led by ambition.\r\n'

'Council for Exceptional Children Essay\r'

'The Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) is an presidential term that aims to bring home the bacon for desir sufficient preceptal results for population who be categorized as exceptional, gifted, and with disabilities here and abroad. Since these proper(postnominal) beas require surplusized cultivational and pro syllabuss, the purpose of the disposal is pushing for the carrying into action of certain policies and standards by the organization, especi on the wholey in terms of the victor aspect.\r\nCEC campaigns for the increment of the course paths of people with exceptionalities who be capable of functional professionally despite their conditions. The mission and imagery of the organization is founded on some cite ideas that fuel their drive to realizing their goals and objectives for people all over the world. CEC believes in the right of each individual to be educated, his or her learnedness aptitude, and the need for people, even with exceptionalities, t o self-actualization.\r\nTherefore, the organization sponsors the maturement and improvement of people with exceptionalities by sum of suitable educational standards and preferred outcomes that are social to all and will be lifelong available to CEC’s constituents. The program continues to bring about the forwarding of their professional lives. The mission of CEC stretches out to the prevention of the ripening of exceptionalities in children by identifying who are at risk and providing for programs that would avert such occasion from happening.\r\nThe organization recognizes the need for the involvement of stakeholders in the process and values the importance of professional educators in the realization of their mission and romance. Moreover, CEC believes that the government is a very significant brass in the fulfillment of their objective because it should be able to provide for suitable and accessible complimentary education to all individuals with exceptionalities . The organization’s efforts are not sole(prenominal) paying attention to people with peculiar(prenominal) demand provided excessively to educators who are qualified to provide quality special education to those who are in wardrobe need.\r\nCEC is a way for special education professionals to help in providing for the needs of those people with special needs, and at the same snip attain opportunities to improve their professional career. CEC is responsible for this objective. The involvement of special education professionals in the program would also allow them the fortune to associate with other co-professionals and make it a learning experience that would help them also in the enhancement of their professional practice.\r\nThe strategical plan of CEC to accomplish their mission and imagery is to provide special education teachers and non-educators equivalent the chance to professional development by being involved in the programs of the organization. The CEC ha s square up professional standards for special education teachers and present requirements for their qualification in the professional setting. The organization is providing professional training for professional advancement of special education teachers.\r\nThrough this, CEC is able to develop and enhance the quality of education for individuals with special needs and effect desirable educational outcomes and qualify them for professional advancement. As an educator, CEC is providing a means for career development by my involvement in their protagonism program. Community immersion not completely allows me to lend a hand and co-occurrence individuals with exceptionalities and special needs, but to grow professionally as a special needs educator.\r\nParticipating in training provided by the CEC and communicating with other special needs educator under the program allows me, as an educator, to gain insight and added knowledge that would convey growth not only professionally, but also emotionally and mentally as well.\r\nReferences\r\nCouncil for Exceptional Children. (2007). Council for Exceptional Children: The voice and vision of special education. Retrieved, March 3, 2008, from CEC. Website: http://www. cec. sped. org\r\n'

'Great Gatsby Reading Response Essay\r'

'Characterization: only when put, indirect reference pointization is the author’s way of giving the reader clues as to how a calibre is really like. Such clues may be describing how the character dresses, letting the reader hear what the character says, or revealing the character’s private thoughts.\r\n recitation: â€Å"Gatsby, his hands still in his pockets, was reclining against the mantelpiece in a strained counterfeit of perfect ease, scour of boredom” (The Great Gatsby, 86).\r\nFunction: The nervous manner of Gatsby as he meets Daisy suggests a different cheek to Gatsby’s personality. This meeting with Daisy, which takes place at dent’s house, gives one a closer control as to how Gatsby poop seem like a different person altogether. Gatsby’s surprisingly worn down nature even disables him to directly ask scratch to invite Daisy for tea. Gatsby, usually sophisticated and com presentd, is in wo as he tries to mimic a pose of â €Å"perfect ease” when he tries to talk with Daisy (86). Gatsby’s awkward character directly involves Nick as he turns to him for help in reuniting him with his eff. The author characterizes Gatsby other than from Nick’s first impression to institute the reader the sincere love he feels for Daisy.\r\n alike to how a man in love can be sheepish and disheveled, Gatsby is clearly characterized as a typical man who fell in love through his failed attempts at being calm in Daisy’s presence. His appearance at the beginning of the brisk differs from the true feelings he hides deep inside. This bump off intensify of character with Gatsby emphasizes the climax of the new(a), which is when Gatsby and Daisy finally meet. All of Gatsby’s actions, including his parties, were done with Daisy in mind. In relation with the metamorphose of pace in the novel as the novel switches from Gatsby’s mysterious nature to a complete revelation of Gatsbyâ€℠¢s inner workings, the plot of the stage changes to include Gatsby’s course of action in the hopes of reviving his past with Daisy.\r\n'

'In the Name of Identity Summary\r'

'In Amin Maalouf’s book â€Å"In the Name of indistinguishability” Maalouf emphasizes that we should non judge people on unmatchable singular individualism element. He argues that, â€Å" individualism can’t be compartmentalized. You can’t divide it up into halves or thirds or any early(a) fall apart segments. I substantiaten’t got several identities: I’ve got just one, made up of many regions in mixture that is unique to me, just as other people’s identicalness is unique to them as individuals. ” The essence of Maalouf’s argument is that one should not touch on another based only on a singular component of their identity scarcely rather their identity as a unhurt.In chapter one, Maalouf aim that, â€Å"… People commit crime nowadays in the name of religious, ethnic, national, or some other potpourri of identity. ” Massacres, racial discrimination, and holocausts have all been done in the name of obligateing a iodine component of ones identity. Maalouf makes a valid point when he writes, â€Å"What’s kn give birth as an identity card carries the toter’s family name, given name, date and place of birth, photograph, a name of certain physical features, the holder’s signature and sometimes as well as his fingerprints. Proving that high society as a whole selects individual components of their identity to watch themselves. According to Maalouf, identity is defined as,”…A add up of elements, and these are clearly not restricted to the particulars good deal down in official records. Of course, for the gravid absolute majority these factors include allegiance to a religious tradition; to a nationality †sometimes two; to a profession, an institution, or a particular social milieu. But the list is much longer than that; it is virtually unlimited. ” Maalouf celebrates the fact that identity is extremely complex.Each person h as a single identity, although distributively identity is made up of many components, make not one to be the same. In chapter two Maalouf tries to examine his own identity. Maalouf claims he is not attempt to find one singular part of his identity to define himself but rather find instances that define him. Maalouf admits, â€Å"As you may imagine, my object is not to keep an eye on within myself some essential allegiance in which I may recognize my self. Rather the turnabout: I scour my memory to find as many ingredients of my identity as I can. end-to-end chapter two Maalouf goes into great detail about what defines him. He clearly states that it is not one component, for instance sexual climax from an Arab background and being a Christian. He does not deny himself of either identity, but instead embraces them both. Maalouf claims that the more than allegiances one has the rarer one’s identity is. He clearly states, â€Å"Every one of my allegiance link me to a large number of people, But the more ties I have the rarer and more particular my own identity becomes. Towards the end of chapter two he claimes society generalizes and puts individual components of ones identity and judges them based solely on that single component. Maalouf complicates matters further when he writes, â€Å"We gayly express sweeping judgments on a whole peoples, calling them â€Å"hardworking” and â€Å"ingenious,” or â€Å"lazy,” â€Å"touchy,” â€Å"sly,” â€Å"proud,” or â€Å"obstinate. ” He claims that these judgments often lead to bloodshed. In chapter three maalouf states, â€Å"Identity isn’t given once and for all: it is course up and changes throughout a person’s lifetime. The essence of Maalouf’s argument is our identity changes all over time and different components are added everyday, changing our identity as a whole. He gives a great example of an African baby born in New York, compared to if it was born in Lagos, Pretoria, or Launda. The kid would have completely different experiences by the progress of 10, and all(prenominal) experience would drastically change its identity. Maalouf also argues that people view themselves by the allegiance that is roughly threatened. Thus, the reason Maalouf believes killers are made.He argues that, â€Å"We have only the events of the put out few years to see what any forgiving community that feels humiliated or fears for its existence lead tend to produce killers. ” It his human nature to defend one’s self when feeling threatened. Maalouf agrees when he says, â€Å"There is a Mr. Hyde inside each of us. What we have to do is prevent the conditions occurring that volition bring the the Tempter forth. ” In conclusion Maalouf urges us to prevent our selves from generalizing each other based on a single component of one’s identity. He argues that this will prevent wars, murders, and ho locausts.\r\n'

'Full Day Kindergarten Essay\r'

'Full mean solar solar solar twenty-four hours kindergarten should be mandatory and of no extra cost for all of the elementary schools. This allow boost the chel arn’s academician achievement. The pincerren that atomic number 18 exposed to exuberant sidereal twenty-four hours kindergarten will learn to a extensiveer extent in literacy and mathsematics than those in half(prenominal)- mean solar solar sidereal solar twenty-four hours kindergarten. The students that atomic number 18 in a expert mean solar twenty-four hourstime broadcast rag to go past much sea parole on their math, piece of music, and knowledge activities. The across-the-board day students excessively take on the choose of being adequate to participate in gym, art, and music classes. The half-day students do not pull back to experience gym, art, or music class.\r\nI arrest codn results first impart because I chose to put my word of honor in a full day kindergarten versus the half-day. I chose to bring my tidings to a school that is located in Fridley so that he could receive the benefits of the full day kindergarten. The half-day weapons platform that Blaine offers has a truly undesirable archive for p arnts who work. The half-day schedule for Blaine elementary school is full days Mondays, Wednesdays, and all(prenominal) opposite(a) Friday. I think that the earlier the procreational intervention begins the higher the impact and the to a greater extent in all likelihood the effects will be retained.\r\nOther than the health of a child, I think that nothing should be much important than their education. Giving children the opportunity to be in a full day kindergarten computer course concurs them opportunities that the half-day students do not receive. wholeness of the opportunities is being able to spend more judgment of conviction on t severallying, writing, and math. The instructors in addition feature more snip to sit maven on matchless(prenominal) with each student sensation or in small concourses and work on these skills.\r\nThey as well consecrate a diametric foundation for each month that they focus on. round examples of the themes ar the solar system, U. S. presidents, maps, and the celebrations around the world. Children also absorb things more easily when they atomic number 18 younger. Being a female pargonnt of a full day kindergarten student, I satisfy the results of the extra reading, writing, and math that the teacher does with him.\r\nMy news is one of the youngest in his class and he is reading at a first regularise level. As for his writing, he attempt to write big words utilise phonics. For example, I came stem one day a few months ago and he had written on his dry erase board â€Å"I see a red ladebug”. He also brought folk a worksheet that he had written about his preferent fruits.\r\nOn this worksheet, he had written â€Å"watrmlon”. As farther roughl y as his math goes, he is always measure things in the house with a kid’s yard ruler. The themes that they work on each month give the students the ability to know what is going on in the world around them. My son came home from school one day and told me that there was a proposalet that was not considered a planet anymore. I did not know this and I was in remove awe. According to Debra Ackerman, â€Å"Children in full day kindergarten programs level higher on their achievement test than those in half-day programs.\r\nFull-day kindergarten advocates suggest that a longer school day provides educational support that ensures a productive send-off school experience and increases the chances of future school success. In both full-day and half-day programs, kindergartners spend nigh of their class sequence working on reading, language arts, and math activities, simply the total number of minutes teachers ante up to proper(postnominal) subjects differs. For example, 80 portion of full day provided only about 50 percent of half-day programs devote more than 30 minutes each day to mathematics teaching.\r\nSixty-eight percent of full day but only 37 percent of half-day classrooms trust at least 60 minutes to reading instruction each day. Perhaps most striking, 79 percent of full-day teachers read aloud to their students every day, compared to 62 percent of half-day teachers. Reading aloud is a vital activity in portion to develop children’s reading skills. Additional research shows children’s literacy learn is enhanced in full-day programs, as the full-day schedule provides a more intensive, ongoing, enriched language and literacy experience for the young child.\r\n” (Ackerman) Children in full day kindergarten programs score higher on their achievement test than those in half-day programs. I asked my son’s kindergarten teacher, Ms. Janssen, what the average for reading was for her class. Ms. Janssen disk operating s ystemd that the absolute majority of her students are already in the first roll reading level as of the end of the certify trimester. As say by the Indiana link of semipublic School Super Intendants, â€Å"Full day kindergarten programs are associated with greater reading achievement gains during the kindergarten grade than half day programs”.\r\n(Plucker, 6) The students are graded on their writing and math abilities as well. According to the Kalamazoo familiar Schools reports, â€Å"The group of kindergartners advanced in 2010 to first grade at Kalamazoo humanity School, where 60 percent well-tried at or above the fiftieth percentile in reading on the Iowa Test of radical Skills last April. That’s a 7-point increase compared to Kalamazoo state-supported School first-graders tested in April 2009, Rice said. On the Iowa Test Basic Skills math test, 52 percent of first-graders tested at or above the 50th percentile last spring, a 12-point jump everywhere s pring 2009.\r\nThe Iowa Test of Basic Skills are administered in schools nationwide and is a norm-referenced test, which bureau scores are based on how students perform compared to other test-takers. The Kalamazoo Public School results show that 60 percent of Kalamazoo students are in the top half of first-graders nationwide in reading and 52 percent are in the top half in math. ” (Mack) Children who are in full day kindergarten stick out meliorate kind and behavioral effects than those who are in half-day kindergarten. When children are in school for the full day they go for more beat to get to know the other students.\r\nThey get more clock eon to move unitedly amicablely and they are training while they are interacting. The students also get to go to specializers and they go with their classmates. both(prenominal) of the specialists that convert Elementary offers are music, art, Spanish, and gym. Going to the specialist is somewhatthing that the full day ki ndergarteners get to do and the half-day kindergarteners do not get to do. These students also get to spend more epoch with the teacher. This means that they will be less hesitant to approach their teacher.\r\nAccording to Clark, â€Å"some(a) researchers have examined social and behavioral effects. According to researchers, a clear relationship emerged mingled with the kindergarten schedule and children’s behavior. Teachers rated children in all-day kindergarten programs higher on 9 of the 14 dimensions; there were no signifi undersidet differences on the other 5 dimensions. Other researchers who have studied social and behavioral out sticks found that children in all-day kindergarten programs were engaged in more child-to-child interactions and they make signifi rafttly greater fall out in encyclopaedism social skills”.\r\n(Clark) In the kindergarten classrooms of Hayes Elementary, the students get into groups called centers. During this center clock, the teache r takes a group of five students to a table to do single-handed reading and the rest of the students go to a center. The centers are groups of three or four students and the students get to interact socially while doing something educational. Some examples of the centers are writing center, listening center, leapster center, and art center. The writing center is where the students can write alleviately.\r\nThe listening center is where the students put on headphones, listen to directions, and write down what they hear. The leapster center is where the students get to play a handheld learning plot of ground that integrates math, reading, and spelling in the games. Finally, the art center is where the students get to draw and color what they want. When the time is up the students reasonably up as groups. A full day of learning offers numerous social and emotional benefits to kindergarteners. As stated by NEA, â€Å"They have more time to focus and reflect on activities, and they have more time to transition between activities.\r\nWhen children are taught by qualified teachers, using age-appropriate curricula in small classes they can take full advantage of the additional learning timeâ€social, emotional, and intellectual†that a full day allows. Further, research finds that children adjust well to the full-day format. ” (NEA) The full day kindergarten teachers plan and use the extra time in class well. The time in class is dog-tired differently in both the full day kindergarten and the half-day kindergarten.\r\nAccording to the research that the Indiana Association of Public School Superintendents, â€Å"The research provides evidence that time in full day kindergarten programs is different both quantitatively and qualitatively from how time is used in half day programs” (Plucker, ii). Full day kindergarten offers benefits to teachers. Teachers prefer the full day program to the half-day program. If there is a child that is struggling with something, the teacher has the ability to find time to help that student.\r\n there is also more time to finish activities. According to Ms. Janssen, â€Å"With the full day program I am able to get through four reading groups versus two reading groups in one day. With the full day program we are able to go more in deepness on our unit that we focus on in class. ” (Janssen) According to the NEA, â€Å"Switching to full-day kindergarten gave teachers more time to plan the curriculum, incorporate a greater number of thematic units into the school year, and offer more in-depth coverage of each unit.\r\n” (NEA) In the half-day programs there is less time for denary activities. According to Dr. Martinez, â€Å"Many kindergarten teachers favor full day kindergarten because they find it difficult to balance cognitive activities and emotional social activities in the short kindergarten day. ” (Martinez, 2) Teachers also prefer full day kindergarten because ther e is more instructional time than that of a half-day kindergarten program.\r\nAs stated by the Indiana Association of Public School Superintendents, â€Å" across all of the schools in the Indiana sample, the proportion of instructional time is similar across program types, resulting in much greater instructional time in full day programs, representing approximately 40-50% more instruction in full day programs than half-day programs”. (Plucker, ii) Teachers also have the benefit of getting to know the students and their parents better. According to Dr. Martinez, â€Å"Teachers state that they have a chance to know children and parents better, to do more individualization of instruction, and to expand the curriculum horizontally.\r\n” (Dr. Martinez) There are so some(prenominal) benefits for the children. A very important benefit is that the full day kindergarteners have the opportunity to an easier transition into the first grade because they are already used to the full day schedule. The time that the students get to spend with the teacher is a great benefit as well. The extra time that is spent with the teacher is as much beneficial for the teacher as it is for the students. According to the research from Dr. Martinez, â€Å"Teachers thought children highly-developed closer relationships and were more relaxed in the full-day program and mat up more a part of the school.\r\nTeachers indicated they were able to give more individual attention to students and that children had more time to develop both academic and enculturation skills. Teachers storied they could work more on the continuing suppuration of each child and matte up children showed more advancement. Teachers indicated they felt closer to the children and that they got to know both child and family better. Some indicated in the full day they felt more flexible, were more relaxed and spontaneous, and felt better prepared to neat with parents. ” (Dr. Martinez, 6) The time that the students get to spend on activities is some other great benefit.\r\nAccording to NEA, â€Å"in a field of operations evaluating teachers’ views on full-day kindergarten, teachers reported a number of benefits for themselves as well as children and parents. act in full day eased the transition to first grade, helping children adapt to the demand of a six-hour day. Having more time available in the school day offered more flexibility and more time to do activities during free choice times. Having more time actually made the kindergarten program less stressful and frustrating for children because they had time to fully develop an interest in activities.\r\nParticipating in the full-day schedule allows more appropriate academic challenges for children at all developmental levels. Children with developmental delays or those at risk for school problems benefited from having more time to complete projects and more time for needed socialization with peers and teachers. à ¢â‚¬Â (NEA) Full day kindergarten offers more benefits to the students that are at risk and children that come from educational and economical disfavour homes. If the full day kindergarten programs cost money, as most do, they cost around 3000 dollars per child for the year. The 3000 dollars is charged to the parents of the child.\r\nThe children that come from the educationally and economically disadvantaged homes would not be able to attend because of the cost. These children are the ones that benefit from the program the most. According to the Indiana Superintendents, â€Å"Students at or infra the poverty level enrolled in full day kindergarten scored statistically importantly higher in math and reading than their half day counterparts. Poor children enrolled in full day kindergarten programs tested statistically significantly above half day pupils on reading, spatial, and literal skills, naming colors and letters, and identifying numerals.\r\n”(Plucker, 6) Parents pr efer full day kindergarten as well. I as a induce prefer the full day kindergarten program to the half-day program. maven of the advantages is that I do not have to frame of reference out childcare and who would bring my son to the childcare. assay to figure out childcare and school between my job schedule would be undesirable. As said by Dr. Martinez, â€Å"Full-day kindergarten saves parents day-care problems, while providing children a comprehensive, developmentally-appropriate program.\r\nParents said that children a lot feel more stress when they have to go from a school situation to a day-care environment, where different rules and philosophies apply. Therefore, parents favor a full-day program, which reduces the number of transitions kindergartners experience in a typical day. ” (Dr. Martinez) Full day kindergarten also takes a huge cost out of many parents’ monthly budget including mine. Even though some people would be once against this and say, â€Å"W hy would I have to pay for your childcare? ” I would say that many parents including myself pay taxes too.\r\nTheir parents wanted them to have the lift out education that they could have gotten. Most importantly, I know that my son and many other children are getting the best out of their day while they are in school. They are having fun while they are learning. My son enjoys being in school. If he had a choice, he would go on Saturdays and Sundays. Children attending full day kindergarten spend the day learning instead of ceremonial television or playing video games. Full-day kindergarten provides parents with better support for their children.\r\nAccording to NEA, â€Å"For parents who work outside the home, full-day kindergarten means that children do not have to be shuffled between home, school, and childcare. For all parents, there is more continuity and less disruption in the child’s day and more time for focused and independent learning. One study of parent a ttitudes found that after the min year of a full-day kindergarten program, 100 percent of full-day parents, and 72 percent of half-day parents noted that, if given the opportunity again, they would have chosen full-day kindergarten for their child”. (NEA).\r\nIn conclusion, having full day kindergarten should be mandatory. There are many benefits of the full day kindergarten program. The benefits are not limited to the students. Teachers and parents also get great benefits out of the full day program. According to MaryBeth, â€Å"Research has shown that it is important to begin learning early in life. School systems that have implemented the academically based full day kindergarten are finding it to be successful. ” (Calvin) If I had to choose again if a child of mine was going to go to full day or half-day kindergarten, I would not even have to think twice.\r\nA child’s education should be one of the most important things to think about. These children will be the future and they need a great education to get there. * Works Cited Calvin, MaryBeth. Expectations for Kindergarten in 2010. 3 February 2010. 3 adjoin 2011. <http://www. suite101. com/content/expectations-for-kindergarten-in-2010-a196473> Clark, Patricia. Recent Research on in all Day Kindergarten. 2004. 4 borderland 2011. <http://www. ericdigests. org/2002-1/kindergarten. html> Debra J Ackerman, W. S. Making the Most of Kindergarten. March 2005. 4 March 2011. <http://nieer. org/resources/policyreports/report4. pdf> Janssen.\r\n'