Use Office Equipment free essay sample

Use Office Equipment 1. Identify different types of equipment and their uses There are many different types of office equipment. The main equipment in an office that can be found is: †¢ Computers †¢ Telephones †¢ Printers †¢ Photocopiers Computers can be used on a daily basis for tasks such as sending and receiving emails, using the internet and company personal sites to use information and equipment and policies to help complete tasks. Telephones help us to keep in contact with many clients/ customers and many members of staff within the company, this can help when a conversation is needed in detail and it is quicker and easier to give them a call that way if they do not answer you can leave them a voicemail which then can be heard by the recipient only when they get the chance to hear the message that way the message is more easy to understand. Printers can be used to print or fax documents that are of use to you and members of your team and potentially to the whole company faxing a document allows us to scan a document into your printer and send it via email to another member of staff/ yourself or a client. We will write a custom essay sample on Use Office Equipment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is usually used for a written or paper copy document that you don’t have on any computer. This will allow you to have the files in both paper and computer form so that files will always be found and can be stored so that the files can be easily found. Photocopiers can be used to create paper copies of documents that you have in paper form this will help you if you need more copies of a specific document but you don’t have time to go back to your computer and find the file on there you can put your document though a copier and it will scan all the text and images and it will print out copies of your file as many time as you like. 2. Describe the different features of different types of office equipment There are many different types of office equipment that we use on a daily basis. Phones and emails allow us as a company to keep in contact with our clients and staff in offices around the word. They allow us to contact specific people when we need to which allows us to get in contact with them quickly and efficiently. Phones also have answering machines to pick up any missed call’s, this allows us to know who called us and if they left a message what they wanted to talk to us about, this allows us to keep in contact with all the right people. Computers are one of the most vital parts of the company as just about all of our work is done on them. Computers allow us process data on daily basis; it also allows us to research information online as an when we need it. It also helps us to create PF files and information for our clients. Printers can print documents and information in bulk this allows us to have as many copies of the files as you need and this is very helpful when you have a meeting or they are a set of instructions on a specific activity that several people need and Photocopiers allow you to scan a hard copy of a file and will make a copy of all the text and photos and print out several copies of the file for you. Filing Cabinets help you to organise and store all hard copies of files and information securely so that when you need the files you do not have to try a search around your computer to find the files. Hole punchers allow paperwork to be place in binders or in small folders easily which allows use to create more space for other things. 3. Explain why different types of equipment are chosen for tasks Different types of equipment are used and chosen for different tasks because not one piece of equipment can do every single task, so it is always good to have all the relevant types of office equipment to complete a task. Also using the right piece of equipment for that specific task will take up as little of your time as possible so you can meet targets and deadlines, and also the equipment that will help you to complete the task to the best standard. 2. 1 Explain the purpose of following manufacturer’s instructions when using equipment The purpose of following the manufacturer’s instructions when using a piece of equipment is that if you dont use the equipment properly, you can damage it. Improper usage can also cancel the warranty, which causes unnecessary replacement costs for the organization. Also those instructions from the manufacturer are there for a reason for both the heath and safety of the person using the equipment but the people around them and also to make sure that the equipment can continue to work to the best of its ability. 2. 2 Explain the purpose of following organisational instructions when using equipment The purpose of following organisational instructions when using equipment is because its for employees Health and safety and also to be able to know what to do in certain situations when something goes wrong with the equipment. Organisational procedures are there to protect the health and safety of all workers and make sure that problems are dealt with by the appropriate person. If you do not follow these then you could potentially hurt yourself or other members of staff around you . 2. 3 Identify health and safety procedures when using equipment Thebigword has its own Health and Safety procedures when working with equipment and other members off staff. There are responsibilities required all members of staff regarding Health and Safety: Take reasonable care for their own Health and Safety and that of others who may be affected by their acts or omissions at work; †¢ Co-operate with management on Health and Safety matters; †¢ Use equipment and materials safely and follow instructions and training provided; †¢ Report all accidents, hazards and any shortfalls in the Health and Safety arrangements that creates a risk to people; †¢ Not intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anyt hing provided in the interest of health, safety or welfare. Failure to comply with these requirements may lead to both disciplinary action being taken by the Company and prosecution by the Health and Safety enforcing agency. So it is important that everyone makes sure that they make sure that regular checks are done on the equipment and if you spot any faults or problems that you report into your manager and a member of the IT support team as well as health and safety so that it can be fixed as soon as possible so that it dose not cause any harm to any member staff. . 4 Explain the purpose of following health and safety procedures when using equipment The purpose of following health and safety procedures when using equipment is that it will help to minimise accidents and the negative consequences of those accidents and it also helps to promote a positive health and safety culture within the company . 2. 5 Explain the purpose of keeping the equipment clean and hygienic It is important to maintain your equipment and keep it clean to keep the computer running for years on end without having to replace the equipment so often and so that you to get the most use out of it. Cleaning your equipment after use can lead to less problems , For example dust getting inside the equipment and potentially creating a fault in the equipment. It is also polite to clean something after you have used it to make it ready for the next user if computers are shared between several people. Regularly cleaning equipment can mean that it will last you longer and save you money as well as producing a higher quality result. For example if you did not clean a photocopier glass then you could end up with smear marks on your work. 3. 1 Give examples of waste when using equipment One example of waste when using equipment in the office is when most employees leave the office for the day and will leave the computer on standby over night or they may even leave the computer running all night. But even though it is on standby it is still using electricity and can waste a lot of electricity on a daily basis and potentially put the company’s electricity bill up so you are better of shutting down your computer and that way you will save electricity and money. Another example of waste is when using the printer, some people print out more copies of a file than is needed because they worry they may not have enough copies of the file to go round to the people on there team or the people who need them and this can be a waste of paper and electricity from the printer if they print out too may copies. . 2 Give examples of ways to reduce waste When using your computer it is always best to shut down your computer and turn of your monitor and switch off the lights if you are last out of the building and that way you will save o both electricity and money, which can be saved and used the next working day. When printing out files or instructions it is always good to print out less copies that you think you need and then if you need more you can see how many more people need a copy of the file that way you can print out the correct amount of copies and that way you will save paper. . 3 Explain the purpose of minimising waste The purpose of improving efficiency is so that raw materials can be managed in order to minimise waste and this will help the company to reduce its costs also minimising waste can have a positive effect on the environment if it is done on a regular basis. 4. 1 Give examples of equipment problems There are many problems that can crop with equipment in an office such as: †¢ Paper jam †¢ Electrical fault †¢ Ink cartridge failure †¢ Computer lead fault †¢ Keyboard fault. E. G. missing keys or jammed keys. †¢ Faulty telephone line †¢ Button jam For these you can ask members of staff if they know how to resolve the problem if not you can inform your manager and the IT Support team about the problem and they will do there best to fix the problem to get things running smoothly. 4. 2 Explain the purpose of following manufacturer’s instructions when dealing with problems The purpose of following the instructions from the manufacturer are there for a reason for both the heath and safety of the person using the equipment but the people around them and also to make sure that the equipment can continue to work to the best of its ability. . 3 Give example of how to deal with problems For some problems you can ask members of staff if they know how to resolve the problem if not you can inform your manager and the IT Support team about the problem and they will do there best to fix the problem to get things running smoothly again so that you can carry on with your job. 5. 1 Explain the purpose of meeting work standards and deadli nes when using equipment The purpose of meeting work standards and deadlines when using equipment will allow for all work to be at a good level of quality. This will show that you are responsible and people can put trust in you and they can rely on you to get jobs done on time with a high level of quality. You do not know who else might be waiting for your work; it could have to be passed on to someone else. It is important to use the office equipment quickly and efficiently so that it is ready for the next person to use. If you take a long time using something for example the printer and someone else needs to use it you could be stopping someone else from meeting their deadlines. 6. Explain the purpose of leaving equipment and the work area ready for the next user The Purpose of leaving equipment and work area ready for the next user because in a business environment people are working to a tight deadline and if you have left your work area or the equipment as it was when you last used it, then this becomes time consuming for the next person who wants to use it, because they will have to check that all the settings have been changed ba ck to normal. It is important to leave everything as you had found it. That way you can make the other persons job a little easier for them to do.

Map Skills Thematic Unit Plan for First Grade

Map Skills Thematic Unit Plan for First Grade The theme of this unit is map skills. The unit is based on this theme and will focus on cardinal directions and a variety of maps. After each activity, you will find how you can assess the students learning. Materials Concept webCardinal directionsStudent JournalPlace-mat of neighborhoodMe on the Map by Joan SweenyClayFranklins Neighborhood by Paulette BourgeoisTown map worksheetArt suppliesSalt mapsTreasure box Objective Throughout this unit, the students will partake in whole group, small group, and individual activities. Each student will participate in varied activities that incorporate language arts, social studies, mathematics, and science. The students will also keep a journal where they will write with creative spelling, draw, and answer questions. Activity One: Introduction to Unit Time: 30 min. As an introduction to this unit, have the whole class participate in filling in a concept web about maps. While the students are filling in the web, show them examples of different kinds of maps. Then introduce them to cardinal directions. Have an N, S, E, and W placed appropriately on the walls of the classroom. To make sure all of the students comprehend correctly have the students stand up and face north, south, and so on. Once they understand, then have students identify an object in the classroom by using a series of directional clues to aid the students to identify a mystery object. Next, divide the students into pairs and have one child guide their partner to an object using the directional clues. For example, take four giant steps east, now take three tiny steps north. (Social Studies/Geography, Body-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal) Assessment - Have students draw where the north, south, east, and west locations are in their journal. Activity Two: Cardinal Directions Time: 25 min. To reinforce cardinal directions, have the students play Simon Says using the terms north, south, east, and west (which is labeled on the classroom walls). Then, hand each student a laminated placemat of a neighborhood. Use cardinal directions to direct the students to find a particular spot on the map. (Social Studies/Geography, Body-Kinesthetic, Intrapersonal) Assessment/Homework: - Have students map out the route they traveled to and from school. Encourage them to look for landmarks and say if they made a right turn and went east or west. Activity Three: Map Key Time: 30-40 min. Read the story Franklins Neighborhood by Paulette Bourgeois. Discuss the places Franklin went to and the map key and symbols on the map. Then hand out a map of a town worksheet where students must circle important landmarks. For example, circle the police station in blue, the fire station in red, and the school in green. Review cardinal directions and have students tell you where specific things are located on the map. (Social Studies/Geography, Mathematics, Literature, Logical-Mathematical, Interpersonal, Visual-Spatial) Assessment - Groups students together and have them share their maps by asking Find ____ on my map. Then have students draw a picture of their favorite place from the book in their journal. Activity Four: Mapping my World Time: 30 min. Read the story Me on the Map by Joan Sweeny. Then give each student a ball of clay. Have students roll one small ball which will represent themselves. Then have them add to that ball, which will represent their bedroom. Have them continue adding clay so each piece will represent something in their world. For example, the first ball represents me, then my room, my home, my neighborhood, my community, my state and finally my world. When the students are finished, have them cut the ball of clay in half so they can see how they are just a small piece in the world. Social Studies/Geography, Art, Literature, Visual-Spatial, Interpersonal) Activity Five: Body Maps Time 30 min. For this activity, the students will make body maps. To get started, divide students into groups of two. Have them take turns tracing one anothers bodies. When they are finished, have each student label their body map with N, S, E, and W. When they have finished labeling, they can color in their bodies and draw their facial features. (Social Studies/Geography, Art, Visual-Spatial, Body-Kinesthetic) Assessment - You will be able to assess students by determining if they labeled their body map correctly. Activity Six: Salt Maps Time:30-40 min. Students will make a salt map of their state. First, have students try to identify their state on the United States map. Next, have students create a salt map of their home state. (Social Studies/Geography, Art, Visual-Spatial, Body-Kinesthetic) Assessment - Place four laminated cards shaped like different states in the learning center. The students job is to choose which shaped card is their state. Culminating Activity: Treasure Hunt Time: 20 min. Have students put their map skills to use! Hide a treasure box somewhere in the classroom. Divide students into small groups and give each group a different treasure map that leads to the hidden box. When all of the groups have arrived at the treasure, open the box and distribute the treasure inside. Social Studies/Geography, Body-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal) Assessment - After the treasure hunt, gather the students together and discuss how each group used their map to get to the treasure.

Systems and Operations- Critical Evaluation of Relevant Issues Essay

Systems and Operations- Critical Evaluation of Relevant Issues - Essay Example Moreover, in the year 2002, Gerard J. Arpey became the Chief Operating Officer as well as the President of American Airlines. American Airlines under the leadership of Gerard J. Arpey became part of the ‘oneworld’, one of the foremost global alliances in the field of airlines (American Airlines, Inc., 2008). Current Operational Areas of American Airlines Product & Service Design According to Moritz, product & service design is â€Å"the design of the overall practices of a service as well as the design of the process along with different strategies in order to provide a particular service†. In addition, it is a process which covers the four D’s, that is define, discover, develop and deliver. It is all about recognising the market, client and organisation, developing ideas, transform them into practicable solutions and eventually to help in implementing them (Moritz, 2005). The operational areas of American Airlines includes such as product & service designs , supply chain management system, planning inventory control, resource planning and quality management among others. The product that the organisation deals basically with is the airline service and also it produces numerous service designs to its wide range of customers worldwide. One of the most significant services of American Airlines is their introduction of Admirals Club which is especially intended for their travelling customers (American Airlines Inc, 2008). Admirals Club as a quality feature offers an expansive range of facilities such as individual workstations, computers with internet facility; extensive distance telephones, children’s rooms, music rooms and a wide variety of sweet and flavourful snacks... According to the research findings with the advent of increased use of technology and competition in the airlines industry, there is a need of a very practical applicable theory that is maximising revenue and reducing cost for every organisation of the airlines industries in order to survive in today’s business environment. In the paper, the current operational areas of American Airlines that include the various operational fields like the organisations product and service design, supply chain management processes, planning inventory control processes, resource planning policies and quality management among others are focused. And also an analytical discussion has been made regarding these key processes within the operational areas of the organisation that significantly contributes to the competitive advantage. Also the various organisational, management and technical issues surrounding the information system has been elaborately discussed. In this connection, certain instruct ions were also recommended regarding the improvement to the specialised areas of the organisation which might eventually prove beneficiary as well successful for American Airlines. The concept of knowledge management is also highlighted and ultimately it can play a significant role or position within the organisation in alleviating the prevalent issues. Moreover, the ethical concerns and the security threats to the recommended information systems is also highlighted and certain controllable factors were also prescribed in order to cope up with several issues and threats that are prevailing within the organisation.

Concept Of Reciprocity In Discourse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Concept Of Reciprocity In Discourse - Assignment Example These morphemes imply some kind of a back and forth movement. ‘Reciprocity’ is also related to feedback, interaction and causality. In a speech situation when a speaker puts across his message, the hearer listens to it and signals that he has heard it. This is the feedback. This takes place constantly between the speaker and the listener, and there is interaction among them. The response of a speaker depends upon what he hears. The speech is a cause and the response is the effect. Hence, there is causality involved in reciprocity. 2. Concept Of Reciprocity In Discourse A speech situation involves a speaker and a listener. â€Å"Reciprocity condition of speech refers to the relation between the speaker and the listener in the process of speech.† ( Bygate, 1987 ) Speech is a reciprocal activity. At this point, it is necessary to differentiate between speech and writing. The way language is organized in speech is different from the way it is organized in writing. In order to speak fluently, a speaker must have grammatical competency which includes knowledge of vocabulary, pronunciation, sentence structure and meaning. But speaking does not mean merely putting together words in a grammatical structure. The capacity to use language appropriately is called communicative competence. It is the knowledge that underlines the use of grammatical competence in communicative situations. Speech situation consists of various factors like topic, purpose, social relations, environment etc. These differ from culture to culture and community to community. In sh ort, â€Å"speaking is not a discrete skill. It overlaps a number of other areas. Structure of conversation is culturally determined.† ( Hughes, R., 2002 ) Now let us look closely at what happens when two people speak. The speaker has a message which he encodes and transmits to the listener through speech. The listener listens to the speech and decodes the message. The listener then responds in the same way, by transmitting a message. Hence, the speaker becomes the listener and vice versa. An individual takes turns at being a speaker and a listener alternately. This is called ‘turn taking’. In a speech event, the participants are face-to-face and the turn-taking is a continuous process. Hence, we see that casual conversations are also organized by rules. People take turns at speaking and listening, they answer questions, mark the beginning and end of a conversation, make mistakes and correct themselves. All this needs some kind of direction and control on the par t of the speakers. People do not say – I have finished now. You can answer my question. Conversations are organized covertly and the organizational principles provide a discreet interactional framework. It is within this framework that reciprocity takes place. â€Å"Reciprocity develops during the ongoing negotiation of meaning between speaker and listener, thus producing a joint construction of communication.† ( Byrne D., 1987 ) Reciprocity involves the use of turn-taking skills, strategies to interrupt and to control the topic, which are necessary to maintain meaningful interaction. During conversations, individuals follow norms like politeness principles and co-operative principles. They also reciprocate each others’ verbal and non-verbal behavior. In a social intercourse, people are obligated to help and not to harm those who help them. Social activity is also reciprocal and ubiquitous. The ability to appropriately reciprocate or compensate a partner’ s communicative response is an essential element of communicative

Bilateral Trade Agreements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bilateral Trade Agreements - Essay Example Bilateral trade agreements can also create political and economic ties between the parties, which in turn provide more stability" (Rodrguez). However, it provides loopholes wherein powerful nations can exploit the agreements to the disadvantage of the developing countries. One of the opposition to the free trade, such as the bilateral trade agreements is the "infant industry argument" (Mankiw). It is based on the belief that the industries of the developing nations might not be well equipped to compete against the giants of the more powerful nations. This then will lead to the death of the local industry. Bilateral trade agreements simply kill the local industries who have not exhibited economies of scale. In economics terms, the failure to achieve economies of scale on the part of the local industries, because they are relatively new will result to a less efficient production compared to those who are old in the industry and this will be manifested in the relatively high prices of the former (Robert S. Pindyck). This argument is validated by the study of Rodriguez. According to him trade agreements between nations with large economic level discrepancy can actually hurt the weakest party (Rodrguez). Moreover, he gave the following effects on the developing nations of trade agreements. Reciprocity and national treatment (the obligation whereby foreign goods, services and economic operators must receive the same treatment as local ones) oblige developing countries to implement broad liberalisation in market access in goods, services and government procurement, which may result in surges of imports; moreover, tariff elimination, besides depriving developing countries of revenues, removes powerful instruments of industrial and agricultural policy to protect their infant industries. Market access gains for developing nations may be limited if agricultural subsidies in rich nations are not reduced; restrictive rules of origin, technical barriers to trade (TBTs) such as quality standards and supply-side constraints also limit the possible gains from improved access to developed countries' markets. Reduction of policy space for developing countries; many of the issues included in the current North-South FTAs 'reduce or fully remove policy options and instruments available to a developing country to pursue its development objectives' (UNCTAD, 2007) Source: Rodrguez The United States is one of the countries who have been very active in pursuing bilateral trade talks against smaller nations. Some of these agreements are with Costa Rica, Chile and Singapore. "In the past two years, the US has initiated comprehensive free trade negotiations with 19 countries, a market representing an estimated US $2.5 trillion worth of opportunities to American business. Simultaneously, however, these agreements open the American market, exposing, in particular, US industries dependent on sweat labour that cannot compete with low labour costs in poorer countries around the world. The difference is that the US has the resources to diffuse the pain of the transition, amounting to support of US$1.8 billion in 2003, while developing

Women Before And After The Iranian Revolution Cultural Studies Essay

Women Before And After The Iranian Revolution Cultural Studies Essay Current Iranian women must adhere to strictures of dress and regulation, including the veil (hijab) and full body covering (chador). Yet this was not always the case. Prior to the Iranian revolution the Shah began modernising the state of Iran and introducing womans rights. However, many religious factions strongly disagreed with what they saw as a violation of Islamic culture. When the Islamic Republic took over the monarch in 1979, they began to abolish the changes made to womens rights. This essay hopes to explain how education has contributed to the awareness of many urban Iranian women to their oppressive state. It will explain Iranian women both pre and post Iranian revolution and will draw upon the different viewpoints Iranian women have of Islam to emphasise the current state of Iranian society. Finally it will touch upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and discuss how scholars of gender view the topic of Iranian Woman. As noted by Elton Daniels, in Iran, strict cultural rules and religious regulations dictate and govern the actions of Iranian woman in the public arena. This is because Iranian women, especially married women, are seen as upholding the honour of a family; therefore, individual desires are often sacrificed to centre the husband and children as primary responsibility. The Islamic Republic takes this role seriously and to ensure that women do uphold family honour, Iranian women must be chaperoned by their husbands or male relatives at all times, lone women are either fined or imprisoned. Women are seen as the guardians of Irans moral code and therefore there is much less freedom allowed to them and they must be constantly monitoring their public behaviour. Many urban Iranian women feel themselves restricted by oppressive attitudes and blamed for any misfortune that befalls Irans patriarchal society. This tension is developing mainly in urban womens circles and is likely due to the incre ase of educated women who are becoming progressively aware of their situation. According to Daniels, in a bid to open itself up to the rest of the world during the 1930s (Pre-Iranian revolution), Iran was becoming an increasingly modernised state, therefore relaxing the religious and social strictures that bound and alienated Iranian women. More schools and higher forms of education and governmental employment (especially in hospitals and schools) were being introduced to urban women and even after the Islamic Republic took over, they could not quell the growing education of women. Urbanisation and the expansion of education offered women, mostly urban women, the opportunity to send their daughters to school. In 1936, the chador was banned in public places, which provided the change that was necessary for encouraging women to participate openly in public life. Political developments began to follow, including that of the White Revolution (1963), in which an act was passed that allowed Iranian women to participate politically. Furthermore, in the years between t he White Revolution and the Iranian Revolution, several women were elected to the parliament and ministry of education. However, there was unrest between the growing modernising ideologies and the more traditional rural Islamic views. The Shah was ruling autocratically and had alienated many sectors of society; this eventually leading to his overthrow. The bourgeois continued to feel restricted by the lack of career and intellectual opportunities available to them and the religious sectors of Iran ruled by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini began to accuse the Shah of a corruption and distilling Islamic beliefs. The unhappiness that Iranians felt against the Shah led to a religious revival among Iranian society and the destruction of the modernisation of Iranian culture. During revolt against the Shah, secular urban women and tradition rural women worked together to protest absolute monarchy and many urban women donned the Chador out of respect for the traditional women. Yet, when the Iranian Revolution (1979) proved successful, and Islamic Republic took over as the existing form of government, the budding rights and freedoms for women were smothered. Khomeini decreed that wearing the Chador was now law; many women lost their government jobs and it also became mandatory to segregate both males and females in the public arena. Morality police were put in place to ensure that such laws were stuck to. This marked a significant change for Iranian culture because before the Iranian revolution Islamic modesty was adhered to as religious sympathy, never before had such commands been made law. The current attitudes faced by many urban Iranian women are dictated by the edicts put in place post- Iranian Revolution. Many urban Women feel stifled by these laws and still remember a time when their life was not mandated. Although there have been cases of women receiving political seat between 1979 and 2011, many of those women were set up to appease the feminist movement and have no power within the government. Realising this, an increased number of Iranian women deploy secular feminist movements such as protesting their grievances through public mediums like the media and press, and civil insubordination. For example, deliberate improper wearing of the veil and Chador is practised by many young Iranian Women and is called bad hejabi. Bad hejabi consists of wearing the veil differently than society norms, such as brightly coloured Chadors and crooked hijab, with hair showing. An interview with a young Iranian women explains the nature of bad hejabi; Because of these (conservativ e) people and their aggressive thinking, I believe I am vulnerable to attack if I dont wear the hijab. If I was living in a place where people could respect individual choice and not do me any harm, certainly I wouldnt wear it. I want to show I dont approve. Wearing bad-hejabi proves the desire felt by many young Iranian women to be free of their restricting patriarchal establishment and the religious control that they feel has no place in their lives. Contrary to bad-hejabi are the traditional women who see wearing Islamic dress as a matter of pride and representation of their religious society. Women that are pro-Islamic Republic believe that the laws surrounding women were based around the teachings of Mohammed in the Koran. Questioning these laws would be questioning the foundations upon which many Iranian women live their life. The female Professor Barzin Maknoun in charge of woman issues at the Institute for Cultural Research and Studies states in Iran; The problems have come up because women in the west are trying to be the same as men. Women work outside the home, but they also have to take care of the children, because by nature shes the one who bears the children. The whole burden rests on women now, because theyre trying to be equal to men. But Islam says no to all this. Islam says the best thing for a woman is to be a wife and mother. That doesnt stop her having a job or a profession- she can do that if her husband agre es, but her first job is to take care of her children. And its the job of the man to take care of her. Professor Maknoun represents the views held by many conservative Iranian women. However, the Islamic Republics attitude toward women seems to contradict the rights for women stated in Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The point of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was to ensure that every persons dignity was upheld worldwide. In relation to this view, many scholars of gender are mostly working in the west and there seems to be more interest in pro-feminism in academic circles. Pro feminist studies include Rebecca Barlows article, prospects for feminism in the Islamic Republic of Iran, or from a analysis point of view similar to Mahnaz Koushas article, predictors of life satisfaction among urban Iranian Women and Mitra K Shavarinis article, the feminisation of Iranian Higher Education which deals with overall unhappiness and dissatisfaction of Iranian women. This research indicates an interest in the feminisation and oppression of Iranian women and less interest on the Islamic Republic as a legitimate form of government. Professor Marknoun was the on ly pro- Islamic Republic scholar found. In conclusion many urban Iranian women feel restricted by the hijab and chador due to the oppressive society they represent. Although there are circles of traditional women who view these forms of dress as a symbol of honour and family, wearing the hijab and chador, was originally a personal choice. However, this was before the Islamic Republic made many religious traditions into law upon the conclusion of the Iranian Revolution. A study of Iranian women pre and post Iranian revolution shows that the progressive education of women has contributed to the urban dissatisfaction of a Womens place in Iranian Society and that many scholars of Iranian Women take pro feminist angles.

Davy Crockett Essay

Davy did many thing through out his childhood all the way up to his adulthood. Davy was born in Tennessee on August 17, 1786 . John crockett (davy’s father) sent Davy to work for a man who was taking a herd of cattle to Virginia at age 12. Davy helped the man drive cattle for over 200 miles from Tennessee to Virginia. The trip was a little over 2 weeks, and then Davy finely returned home. Soon after, the man Wanted Davy to keep working for him. Davy was homesick but he still said yes. About one month later Davy could not stand being away from his family. So he ran away from the mans house and headed home. At age 13 Davy set out on his own, and learned to become one of the worlds greatest/and craftiest backwoodsman around. Legend says that Davy was friends with a bear and could get a raccoon to come down from a tree by just grinning at it . At age 16 Davy moved back to Tennessee with his family. In 1811 Davy’s family moved to Tennessee. They made there home near what is now the border of Alabama. By 1813 the white men had made the native Americans very made. The native Americans were called the creeks. The reason for the creeks being made is because the white men took there land. The white men thought the creeks were going to attack so they attacked first. the creeks fought back against the white men. This started a war. Davy helped the creeks fight against the white men. When Davy got back from the creek war, Polly gave birth to a daughter. Polly died in the summer of 1815. In 1816 Davy married Elizabeth Patton to care for his two children, let alone her own three children. In 1816 Davy almost died of malaria, and in 1818 Davy becomes a â€Å"court referee† in Lawrence country, Tennessee. In 1821 David Crockett was elected to the state legislature at age 35. In 1827 David Crockett was elected to the House of Representatives in Congress. David Crockett served in congress from 1827-1831, and then he served in Congress again from 1833- 1835. when he was in Congress he often made speeches and told many of his adventures. Books came out filled with information and stories about Davy’s life. They even made a lay about Davy called the lion of the west in 1831. David Crockett and a congressman Thomas Chilton wrote a book about Davy’s life. Davy was a legend while he was still living, and still is a legend to this very day. in 1835 David Crockett moved to Texas. Texas was not a state when Davy moved there. Davy was now 49 years old and he wanted to explore the frontier . Davy joined the Texas army. David fought in the Texas revolution in 183 6. the Texas Revolution was over a Mexican government that ruled Texas. The people who lived in Texas wanted to be free from the Mexicans.

The Pros and Cons of Using E-Tendering in Singapore

THE PROS AND CONS OF USING E-TENDERING IN SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY First names YAP Last name YEE THARM Abstract: E-tendering is a relatively new and modern technique of tending system. The transaction can be done from business-to-business, business-to-consumer or Business-to-government buy and sale of goods, works and services through the Internet or other networking systems. This paper examines the pros and cons of using E-tendering in the Singapore Construction Industry and the future trend of E-tendering in Singapore.Although E- tendering has been used by the various Singapore Government departments for many years on their procurement of materials and services for local and global with great success, however the private sector in Singapore is still slow in using it as a tendering system. As e-tendering is recognized as a state-of-the-art for procurement which is proven to be efficient by the local Government and other advanced countries (eg. US, UK, China, Hong Kong, Canada etc. ), however the low usage by the private section in Singapore shows that there must be some limitation or disadvantages in using it.May be there are some problems on software and the user not competent to use it for this purpose. Or maybe in Singapore there is a need for the government or a private company to lead and provide a national wide scale of centralizes e-tendering system to cater for all the private tenders in Singapore Construction Industry. Whatever it is, the advantages of E-tendering are far exceeding the disadvantages and it has shown greater potential in the improvement of efficiency to replace the traditional tendering system.Therefore a study to look into the pros and cons of this tendering system is worth the effect. As eventually E-tendering has great potential in increasing efficiency in construction sector in Singapore-tendering by cutting down the-tendering cost and time and reduce the bureaucratic processes in the traditional tendering process. Keywords: E-tender, Singapore’s GeBIZ, E Submission, Information Systems, Pros and cons, Cloud computer, construction. 1. 0 Introduction The use of computer technologies in the world today has revolutionized the processes in the construction industry.The construction industry in Singapore has also faced the same radical and speedy changes in the use of Information Technology (IT) in almost every part of the process of the construction (from pre-tender estimating, tendering, and construction to post tender analysis). Procurement and tendering are an important function for every organisation including construction industry. It is a vital and important activity for a company to gain profit and continue to survive. Especially in Construction Industry, every job is on contract basis, construction company need to secure jobs through tender in order to continue its business.The traditional tendering practices used by Construction Company are largely traditional and involve managing papers or using email to send and receive documents, addenda, correspondence, bid submissions and award notices. With the introduction of submission of tender electronically, time and effort has been shorten tremendously. Other part of the world however electronic tendering has been getting popular over the past few years and is now being commonly used in the United Kingdom, Australia, New South Wales, India, Hong Kong, United States and in China. (The PRC China has been using e-tender for more than 10 years.This year China is celebrating the 10th anniversary of E- procurement rule, their website is www. ccgp. gov. cn). Singapore is a developed country with very good coverage of wireless network and fibre optic cable. The use of computer is very much the common practice of government department and private company. However the use of e-tendering so far in Singapore has been limited to government department procurement. For private construction industry the usage of e-tendering is still limit ed. This paper explore into the pros and cons of using e-tendering in Singapore construction industry and its future development. . 0E-Tendering in the Singapore Construction Industry †¢ E- Tendering in Singapore Private construction: The government department of Singapore has been using E-tendering for more than 10 years, the Singapore Economy Development has also been giving incentive to encourage developers and contractors who are keen in using IT for their business. However up to today the private construction sector in Singapore is still limited in usage of E-tendering. Many Developers and Contractors in Singapore are still finding it more comfortable to use traditional tendering system. †¢ E- Tendering in Singapore Government:The e-tendering used by the government of Singapore is called GeBiz, which come from the word Government Bidding. The GeBIZ, or the Government E tendering, was set up in June 2000. The main objective of this system is to simplify government proc urement and tender activities. It was part of the programme for businesses under the e-Government Action Plan (2000–2003) in Singapore. GeBIZ is a one-stop centre for suppliers to have access to all procurement opportunities in the public sector and to trade electronically with the government departments. The Singapore government E-tender website address is at http://www. ebiz. gov. sg/. Now 100% of the Singapore government Tenders or Quotations are using GeBIZ as a platform for procurement for good and services. As of today, Infocomm Technology (ICT) has become a major part of the Singapore public sector's DNA for public administration and service delivery. Due to the result of Singapore e-government efforts, Singapore has been consistently recognised as a leader in major international benchmarking studies. Our Singapore Government’s innovative efforts in using ICT have also gained local and worldwide recognition and awards.More importantly, the citizens and businesse s have embraced in e-government service. In 2010, almost 9 out of 10 of Singapore citizens and businesses expressed satisfaction with the overall quality of government e-services. (http://www. egov. gov. sg/about-egov-introduction) The process of using Singapore’s GeBIZ: Company who wishes to tender for government job need first to apply as a member of Singapore’s GeBIZ. Upon approved as a member, a password for log in to GeBIZ is given to the company. There are two categories of E-tendering in the GeBIZ. Tender – Goods or services estimated to be valued above $7,000 Singapore dollar. †¢ Quotation – Goods or service estimated be valued below $7,000 Singapore dollar. Once a member log on the GeBIZ, the searching for specific notice can be done by indicating the search condition as shown below by clicking on the â€Å"GO† button. [pic] Figure 1 – searching for a tender (source from http://www. gebiz. gov. sg/. ) For viewing of the details of the-tender and quotation notice, simply click on the â€Å"GO’ button of the screen below. [pic] Figure 2 – viewing of posted tender or quotation. source from http://www. gebiz. gov. sg/. ) The constractor can download or view directly the drawings and specifications posted in the GeBIZ to estimate the-tender price. Tender price can then be submitted to the website electronically. Once the-tender is closed, the-tender will be evaluated by the relevant governmant authority (who post the tender) and the result of the-tender will be announced on the GeBIZ for public information. Hardware and Software requirement for GeBIZ tendering in Singapore. The following are the required hardware and software for a contractor to use the Singapore GeBIZ.In order to use the Singapore Government e-tendering GeBiz, A contractor needs to have a computer meet the following recommended system requirement. The computers which do not meet these requirements might not be compatible and un able to use the system for tender. Hardware – Computer must have a minimum 500MHz processor or higher with a hard disc at least 64 MB RAM, the internet connection to be minimum 256kbps or higher. Software – Computer with a Windows Operating System consist of Windows 2000, Windows XP or Window 7. As for Internet Browser, having a Internet Explorer 6. , 7. x, 8. x and 9. 0 will be enough. 2. 1How E-Tendering works E-tendering is an electronic tendering solution to facilitate the complete-tendering process from the advertising of the requirement through to the signing of the contract. This includes the exchange of all relevant documents (drawing, specifications etc) in electronic soft copy format. In other words E-tendering is a process of carrying out entire-tendering Cycle Online including submission of Price Bid in such that Efficiency, Economy, Speed of Internet can be achieved without the use of paper form of hardcopy.It also eliminates the need to transfer of docume nts between the Client and bidders. E-tendering Cycle can be broken in key modules as the figure below: Figure 3 – The E- tendering cycle 2. 2Traditional Tendering System vs. E tendering The advantages of traditional tendering compare to E-tendering System can be summarised as below: Traditional Tendering System †¢ Longer Procurement Cycle More time needed to print tender documents for all the contractors requesting for tendering. A normal construction tender using traditional tendering system can take up to 2 to 4 months for a cycle. †¢ More ExpensiveThe printing of tender documents such as drawings and specifications are costly and a lot of money is spent for plants and labour for transportation of the documents. †¢ Paper Based Procurement Traditional tendering basically is paper based procurement, documents such as drawings, specifications and forms are printed on paper, which is not environmentally friendly. †¢ Restricted Mobility Paper based tender do cument is not mobile and inconvenient to bring it along for reading and estimation. These documents also require large storage space and it is labour intensive to handle. †¢ Can’t do work on HolidaysThe-tender documents are usually placed at the office and the working hour for office is usually 9am to 5pm. No work can be done after these hours and during weekend and public holidays. †¢ Prone to Human errors Paper documents are prone to human errors, as missing of pages or printing errors. Blur print due to low ink or no ink for some pages can happen. †¢ Content not sharable Tendering documents such as specifications are usually A4 size and can only viewed by a person alone, unlike e-tender document which can be projected to a big screen and shared by as many people as possible for group discussion and meeting. †¢ Physical SecurityTender documents stored in the office especially those documents which have sensitive cost information, e. g. Filled up Bill of Quantity. These documents can pose a business security threats as they are valuable to the competitive contractors. †¢ Wastage of space to store bids Unlike e-tender the documents, the document for traditional tenering need physical space for storage. E – Tendering System †¢ Shorter Procurement Cycle E – Tendering system is computer based; the cycle is much shorter as compare to traditional tendering system. One major saving of time comes from the cutting down of transporting of documents. Economical Due to the fact that hard copies of the documents are expensive, it is very much economical to store and use the soft copies in the computer and website. The cost of using the computer and software are quite fixed. †¢ Environmentally Friendly As compare to traditional tendering system, E-tender consumes almost no paper. Hence it is very environmentally friendly. †¢ Anytime – Anywhere Bidding E-tendering can be conducted any time anywhere i. e. 24 hours a day, 360 days a year and globally anywhere as long as there is Internet connection. †¢ Bidding is possible on HolidaysBidding is possible even during weekend or Public Holiday, as long as before the tender is closed. †¢ Automated & Accurate process As e-tender is automatically carried out by the computer, hence it minimized the human. The process will be accurate and almost instantly done. †¢ Shareable Content The content for E-tender documents is easily shareable among the company staff, as long as they have a computer or laptop and a given a password. The content also easily shared in a group meeting with a projector, which is a conducive environment for group discussion. †¢ Fool-proof SecuritySecurity for the documents is fool-proofed as only authorized people with the password can access to the virtue documents. †¢ Lifelong storage on CD Document stored in the CD or hardisk for e-tender can last for eternity (provided that the CD and hardisk wil l last as long) as compare to paper documents. It is also easy retrievable. †¢ One click access to bids When all the calculation for the-tender sum is done, it is only one click away from bidding. 2. 3Pros and cons to call for e-tenders. Pros to the Suppliers/Contractors †¢ Anytime & Anywhere Bidding Due to the development of wireless communication, E-tendering is globalized.Everywhere in the world as long as you are connected in the website, bidding is possible. †¢ Fair, Free and Fearless participation for vendors. As all vendors registered are treated as equal, the competition is fair, free and no barrier. †¢ No dependence on Newspaper, Courier. All posting is website base, hence the publicity does not require Newspaper or Courier service. †¢ No Administrative hassle The administrative is very much simple and simplified as all documents can be view through the computer screen. †¢ Can carry out all tendering process from any computer E-tendering is web based.Hence any computer, laptop or even I phone can do the job. †¢ Economical Saving on traveling cost is tremendous. As the link between the Client and contractor is through internet, it minimizes the physical travelling. †¢ Reduces efforts & cost of bidding The efforts for each individual staff and the manpower required for preparation of tender is reduced, hence the over cost of bidding is less. †¢ No tenders can be missed because of distance The bosses of the client or contractor may be travelling overseas, but they can access to the E-tender website anytime anywhere in the world. Miss viewing of the tender has become the past. Can submit bid at last minute The closing of E-tender is link to the time. As no travelling is needed to the client’s office to submit a tender, contractor can always clip the submit on the last minute/second. Pros to the-tendering Authorities/Clients †¢ Completely Automated Process The E-tender process in clients’ comp uters are all automated, the list of bidding contractors is sorted out in the ascending order from lowest price to the highest. †¢ Shortens Procurement Cycle Most of the clients hope that the procurement cycle be short, the E-tendering is best able to achieve this requirement. Economical and Environment Friendly As E-tender system required minimum paper, all information is stored in the computer for processing and retrieving. A computer can be used for 3 to 5 years, as for traditional tendering documents it is disposed once it is used. †¢ Greater Transparency The E-tendering website is open to all the authorized and registered members; hence all of them are able to see the data posted in the website with great transparency. †¢ Improvement in work culture in the departments It create a more friendly and conducive working culture in the departments, as less miscommunication between staff occur. System aided Evaluation process After the closed of tender, the E-tender sys tem will automatically aid in evaluating the most suitable tender. It cut down the time for evaluation. †¢ Minimize Human errors Most of the process is carry out in the computer, hence minimize human errors. †¢ Minimal Storage Space A computer is all you need for storage of all the tendering document. Printing out of hard copy is only needs required. †¢ Change in Perception The perception of a company will be changed as E-tendering is implemented for a Client. It will become a more progressive and proactive organization. Lesser hassle of communication and administration Communication between client and contractor, among staff will be much easier through computer and administration will have lesser hassle. The cons or disadvantages of using e tender †¢ Cost The initial cost to set up the computer system can be quite costly. As E-tender required the purchase of expensive hardware and the necessary software. †¢ Staff The company need to employ staff competence in the use of e-tendering system or train up their existing staff to use the e-tendering system.Security of the e-tendering system – An effective and secure e-tendering system needs to make sure that any communication that passes through the system is secure and safe. As all the data are passing through the open networks such as the internet. Care must be taken to ensure that all the information passed between tenderers and the Client be treated as confidential. The major risks are that confidential information transmitted over opened networks may be exposed to or altered by malicious parties. There is also the risk of malicious parties generating false messages, impersonating other parties or denying that messages have been emailed. . How to overcome these limitations †¢ Cost Construction Company can get a loan from bank to purchase the e-tendering system, through the saving of the e-tendering process; soon the cost would be recovered. †¢ Staff Company can directly employ e-tender system competence staff to from the employment market; alternatively can send their staff to be trained to use the system. Security – One of the major problems of e-tendering is to prevent the unauthorised usage of the e-tender account. The following are a few new computer technologies in the market which are capable of overcoming these problems. †¢ BiometricsBiometric verification of two authorized users can be used in for tender opening process. This method is using finger print of any two authorized individual; the web page will not be able to open if two fingers print doesn’t match. This appliance also helps to establish that user remains physically present when Tender opens. [pic] Figure 4. – Biometrics appliance †¢ Role Base Access This will only allow access to website on the basis of rights allocated to an authorised User or Group of Users. This ensure that Tampering by unauthorized person become not possible. The existing Orga nization hierarchy also can be mapped into the system. pic] Figure 5. – Role Base Access appliance †¢ Time Based Access The system ensures that no activity can be carried out before due date & Time for e. g. Tender cannot be opened even by authorized User before due date. Server Time cannot be tampered as it is mapped to National Standard Time Server. [pic] Figure 6 – Time Based Access Security System With all these security tools in place to ensure security of the website, the usage of e-tendering is getting more and more secure nowadays. 5. Scope of future of e-tendering – Cloud computing The future e-tender is by using Cloud computing. Just what is clouding computer?It is not sitting among the cloud to do the job, it is instead of using our own server to store data, cloud computing is using cloud server for storage of data and retrieving from them. The focus is on the website and not the computer hardware. When the data is needed for large processing, it can be scale up as much as one can instantly and once work done it is released back to the cloud. The working principle is like using the computer power from the cloud instead of using the company’s own computer hardware. It is just like payment for paying for electricity and gas instead of having our own generator and having a large gas storage tank.Cloud computer is also like hiring a car to travel instead of buying a car. The advantages of using cloud can be listed as below: †¢ Scalability – Glow and shrink as and when you wanted. †¢ Instant – It can be turn on and off anytime any place you like. †¢ Economical – Pay for the time you use and there is no need for the hardware and it is time saving. In other words it is pay as you use [pic]Figure 7. – Cloud computing system (Source from Google cloud computing image) 2. 6 Types of Cloud computing There are three types of cloud computing in the market: namelyInfrastructure as a servic e (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS), it has his advantages and disadvantages. †¢ SAAS-Software as a server – Each offers a different level of user flexibility and control. Saas allows users to run existing online applications. It is the easiest way of using, where off-the-shelf applications are accessed over the Internet. The advantages are Free or paid via subscription, it is accessible from any computer and able to facilitates collaborative working. However its business generic applications may not always suitable for their own business use. PAAS- Platform as a server – Allows users to create their own cloud applications using supplier – specific tools and languages. It provides environment and tools for creating new online applications. Eg. Google has Google App Engine which enables a user to build and host web application on the same system, which no need to worry about hardware. Micro soft has a Window Azure Platfor m. Salesfore has a website called Force. com which can build up and host for free. The system can be rapidly development at low cost and used Private or public deployment.However it limits developers to provider languages and tools and it also have the risk of vendor lock-in. †¢ IAAS- Infrastructure as a server – Allows users to run any applications they are please on cloud hardware of their own choice. Figure 8 – The interrelationship between the Cloud Clients and the three types of cloud computing Cloud computer deployment models [pic] There are four forms of Cloud computing applications: Public cloud Public cloud applications, storage, and other resources are made available to the general public by a service provider. These services are usually free or offered on a pay-per-use model.Generally, public cloud service providers like Microsoft and Google own and operate the infrastructure and offer access only via Internet. Other means of direct connection is not po ssible. Community cloud Community cloud shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns for example security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc. , whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally. The costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud, but it is more than a private cloud, so only some of the cost savings potential of cloud computing are realized.Hybrid cloud Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds; it can be private, community or public. It can remain unique entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. By utilizing â€Å"hybrid cloud† architecture, companies and individuals are able to obtain some degrees of fault tolerance combined with locally immediate usability without dependency on internet connectivity. Hybrid Cloud architecture requires both on-premises resources and remote server based cloud infrastructure.The disadv antage of Hybrid clouds is that it lacks the flexibility, security and certainty of in-house applications. Hybrid cloud provides the flexibility of in house applications with the fault tolerance and scalability of cloud based services. Private cloud Private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally. Undertaking a private cloud project requires a significant level and degree of engagement to virtualize the business environment, and it will require the organization to re-evaluate decisions about existing resources.When it is done right, it can have a positive impact on a business, but every one of the steps in the project raises security issues that must be addressed in order to avoid serious vulnerabilities. The major disadvantage is because users â€Å"still have to buy, build, and manage them† and hence do not benefit from less hands-on management essentially the economic model that makes cloud computing such an interesting concept. 3. 0 Conclusions In conclusion, this paper finds that e-tendering has many pros and cons in the system. However we can see that the pros have exceeded the cons, i. e. he advantages are far more than disadvantages. With the breakthrough in computer technology and the advancement of science, the various problems face by the user in e-tendering now will be easily overcome very soon. As the construction industry in Singapore is one of the major industries that contributed to the nation building and giving the most impact to the economy, the benefits that brought by the e-tendering will definitely benefit the Construction Industry and Singapore national economy as a whole. However new problems may also appear and these need to be overcome continuously to bring about advancement of the system.Eventually all the other industry will be able to benefit from the achievement. 4. 0 Recommendation In view of the current situ ation in Singapore construction Industry, only the government is using e-tendering in a wide spread scale. I would like to recommend the government to initiate and set up an e-tendering system similar to the current GeBIZ system to serve the Singapore private Construction sector. The Singapore government has more than 10 years experience in the e-tendering system, they should have no problem in setting up an equal if not better e-tendering server than the Government e-tendering GeBIZ.Since setting up an e-tendering need a large initial capital investment, as a financially strong Singapore Government this should not pose any problem, moreover it will eventually benefit the economy of Singapore. In order to fully harness the benefits of e-tendering system, the main contractors must adjust and make changes to their company itself to equip with the necessary skills and resources for the e-tendering system. Contractors are recommended to train their staff to be competent in the use of e- tendering system. Companies may also engage professional consultants or experts to set up e-tendering in their company.As e-tendering has proven to be an advantage for the Main contractor to be the better competitor and increase their productivity and profits, I strongly believe that in the years to come, e-tendering will be used both by the private and government construction tendering in Singapore. 5. 0 References Bett. D. Black. P. Christensen. S. Dawson, E, Du, R. , Duncan. W. , et al. (2006). Towards secure and legal e-tendering. Journal of Information and Technology in Construction, XI. 89-102 Bourn J. (2002). Better Public Services Through e-Government. London, National Audit Office (NAO). http://www. nao. org. uk/news/0102/0102704. aspx Baldwin, A. N.Thorpe, A and Carter, C (1999). The use of electronic information exchange on Construction alliance projects. Automation in Construction. 8(6). 651-662 CRC Construction Innovation, 2006. e Tendering: Security and Legal Issues Ti ndsley G. & Stephenson P,. 2008 E-Tendering Process with Construction: UK Perspective Tsinghua Science & Technology, Bol. 13, 273-278 B. Kumar and J. C. P. Cheng (2010), Cloud Computing and its Implications for Construction IT, Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, Proceedings of International Conference. W. TIZANI (Editor). 30June – 2 July, Nottingham, UK, Nottingham University Press, Paper 158. P. 31Akintola,A. A. (2011). A survey of the State of the Art of E-tendering in Nigeria. Journal of Information Technology inConstruction, 16. 557-576. Al-Maadeed, S. (2011). Multi-evaluatins of Tenders in E-tendering System. Internatinal Conference on Technology and Business Management. 3. 201-207. Singapore government's one-stop e-procurement portal http://www. gebiz. gov. sg/. Central Government Autumn 2001 – Paper free-tendering – a 21st Century alternative – Public Service. Website http://ww. publicservice. co. uk/article. asp? publication=Central%20Go vernment (Accessed 25/06/2012) Building and Construction Authority Singapore http://www. bca. ov. sg/ ———————– 12. Tender Audit & Storage 11. Vender Registration & Rating 1. Tender Notice 10. Tender Award 2. Tender Promotion E-Tendering Cycle 9. Negotiation 3. Tender Document 8. Tender Evaluation 4. Pre Bid Meeting 5. Bid Submission 7. Tender storage & Opening 6. Payment Gateway Cloud Clients Web browser, mobile app, thin client, terminal emulator, SaaS CRM, Email, virtual desktop, communication, games, †¦ PaaS Execution runtime, database, web server, development tools, †¦ IaaS Virtual machines, servers, storage, load balancers, network, †¦ Figure 9. – The cloud computer models (Source from Google cloud computing image)

Free Essays on Beauty Is In The Eye Of The Makeup Artist

The magical power of being able to transform a person’s appearance utilizing makeup has been a personal passion of mine for as long as I can remember. We all have something in our lives that we remember with perfect clarity the first time we discovered it. A game you loved to play or an object that you would never be seen without? For me it was cosmetics. I have been fascinated it since I was a little girl. I think that I have to credit my passion partially to my mother. When I was four or five my mom began to work the 3-11 shift at a factory. Not knowing how to tell time, I came to associate the start of the â€Å"Barney Show† with her getting ready for work. Whenever I heard the introduction song, I would get excited and head to my mothers room, waiting with anticipation, to watch her get ready. A couple of days earlier she had just given me a fabulous shiny red and white stripped make up bag, that never left my side. As she walked toward the restroom I would get butterflies in my stomach. As my mother pulled out her makeup bag from under the sink, I started to un-zip mine. She pulled out each item and set them on the counter as did I. I can remember clearly how she would put the different applicator brushes, eyes shadows, and face powders in their own little groups. I mimicked everything that she did, I would imitate with empty compact powders, lip gloss and make-believe strokes of mascara. It wasn’t until the seventh grade that I first got to experience the joy of makeup for myself. My first makeup product was lipstick. I remember going to the grocery store with my mother and walking passed the makeup section, but this time my mom walked towards the makeup aisle and said, â€Å"You have until I’m at the checkout stand to choose a lipstick, and nothing that you know I wouldn’t like†. I was so excited that it actually took the whole time to actually pick one. It had to be the right color and as any girl can tel... Free Essays on Beauty Is In The Eye Of The Makeup Artist Free Essays on Beauty Is In The Eye Of The Makeup Artist The magical power of being able to transform a person’s appearance utilizing makeup has been a personal passion of mine for as long as I can remember. We all have something in our lives that we remember with perfect clarity the first time we discovered it. A game you loved to play or an object that you would never be seen without? For me it was cosmetics. I have been fascinated it since I was a little girl. I think that I have to credit my passion partially to my mother. When I was four or five my mom began to work the 3-11 shift at a factory. Not knowing how to tell time, I came to associate the start of the â€Å"Barney Show† with her getting ready for work. Whenever I heard the introduction song, I would get excited and head to my mothers room, waiting with anticipation, to watch her get ready. A couple of days earlier she had just given me a fabulous shiny red and white stripped make up bag, that never left my side. As she walked toward the restroom I would get butterflies in my stomach. As my mother pulled out her makeup bag from under the sink, I started to un-zip mine. She pulled out each item and set them on the counter as did I. I can remember clearly how she would put the different applicator brushes, eyes shadows, and face powders in their own little groups. I mimicked everything that she did, I would imitate with empty compact powders, lip gloss and make-believe strokes of mascara. It wasn’t until the seventh grade that I first got to experience the joy of makeup for myself. My first makeup product was lipstick. I remember going to the grocery store with my mother and walking passed the makeup section, but this time my mom walked towards the makeup aisle and said, â€Å"You have until I’m at the checkout stand to choose a lipstick, and nothing that you know I wouldn’t like†. I was so excited that it actually took the whole time to actually pick one. It had to be the right color and as any girl can tel...

Object Oriented Methods and Structual Oriented Method †Computer Science Research Paper

Object Oriented Methods and Structual Oriented Method – Computer Science Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Object Oriented Methods and Structual Oriented Method Computer Science Research Paper Object oriented methods and structural oriented methods have played important role which has significant impact in software development. The popularity of object oriented technology has grown dramatically, because of their new techniques. This can provide high-quality software and full-scale projects were developed that proved the promise. In addition, the object oriented approach views a system as a collection of interacting objects. Objects are capable of behaviors that call methods and that allow the objects to interact with other and with people using the systems. However, the functional oriented method approach differs from the object oriented method. It means that the structural oriented method approach views a system as a collection of processes and done by computes. In addition, It executes processes interact with data entities and processes accept inputs and produce outputs. Therefore, this essay will look at the view in which object oriented methods with functional oriented methods in software development and their views for these two techniques. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the role of object oriented method in software development, industrial use of object oriented techniques. Object oriented method can increase design quality, improve productivity in software development. This technique can cause system that is a collection of interacting objects and objects interact with people and each other. They have many kinds of method that using in software development such as use cases, interface object, object oriented structured design â€Å"OOSD† and object oriented programming. According to research by Satzinger, Jackson and Burd (2000, pp. 221-227), it is affirmed that â€Å"the object-oriented approach uses the term use case to describe an activity the system carries out in response to an event†. This study demonstrates that a use case is a special sequence of transactions. It leads to system interacting with a user in dialogue and a user can be an object which represents anyone that is external to the system and interacts. Thus, it can be said that the use cases are handled during a great number of activities. Moreover, Sodhi and Sodhi (1996, pp.149-169) state that interface object explain between users and the system in software development. This study also indicates that all communication between users and the system goes through interface object. In addition, several use cause uses can be reached via one interface object. However, one use case may communicate with outside system via another interface object, so it can be said that interface object is one kinds of important thing in software development because that can represent all communication between users and the system in software development process. According to research by Sodhi and Sodhi (1996, pp. 162-168), it is confirmed that object oriented structured design â€Å"OOSD† is to support system into software architecture. This study demonstrates that this method approaches are based on the identification of the classes of objects in a system and the classes explain their class’s behavior and structure. These classes are derived from classes tha t have used previous designs and support reused. Furthermore, this methods can bring many kinds of benefits that increase design quality, improve productivity and it can be used for many different type of programming language such as C++ and Java. The most important is object oriented structured design supports reuse of designs. As a result, a generic class’s resource can be used in the derived class for many system and application. Moreover, Narayanan, Bodner, Sreekanth, Govindarai and al (1998, pp.1-6) state that â€Å"object-oriented programming has been revolutionizing software development and maintenance†. Their study shows that object oriented programming â€Å"OOP† has a major effect on implementation via its facilitation of modular design and software reusability. It has some features such as encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. These features can build simulation models and implement reusable classes and store them in a software library. Thus, t hat can be rapid development. Consequently, it can be said that object oriented method can be easily reused, refined, tested, maintained and extended in software development. This methodologist can be improving problem area in existing techniques and help them avoid these problems when developing new techniques. Object oriented techniques â€Å"OOT† impact industrial from one generation to next generation. Although object oriented methods is a complete different with structural oriented, its techniques impetus industrial tend to save cost, save time, high quality. Thus, this techniques lead to developing a flexible manufacturing control system. According to research by Bruccoleri, Diega and Perrone (2003, pp. 1-5), it is confirmed that object oriented techniques improve manufacturing control system. This study shows that business organizations need to develop to their system in flexible and automation ways. Their system need to support uncertainties from internal or external environments. For instance, flexible manufacturing system â€Å"FMS† component can be modeled as an object that provide some kinds of function such as interacts with several other objects, so extendible, developing reusable and modifiable control software for FMS using UML diagrams are caused by this method ology. As a result, OOT is significant impact in industrial. Furthermore, Chin and Gary (1997, pp.1-5) state that OOT can change the component depend on the real environment. This study also indicates that modeling of actual devices and process can make the real-world system which can enable the computer model to change accordingly with real-world changes in actual physical devices. As a result, it assures the working process that has the result of determinism, save cost and real-time control and it is suitable for chemical process industries. Thereby, it can be concluded that object oriented techniques bring flexible for development process in business and it usually use in chemical process, because the result are needed determinism, real-time control. Functional-oriented designed methods decompose a system into the interacting functions which able to minimize amount of system state information and share information explicit. Thus, the management of the complexity program is become efficiency. According to Alpuente and Falaschi and Vidal (1998, p. 53) â€Å"Functional logic programs which is able to automatically improve program performance without changing the computational meaning and which still guarantees termination.† This research indicates that the function-oriented method in software development is benefit on integral program performance. Subsequently, the output of the functional-oriented is depended by a single input and is not affected by the input history. In this program method, the system is implemented as a continuous loop and actions are started until the order. Many kind of system which involves transaction-processing systems and business data-processing systems are fell into this class. Such as customer acc ount, microprocessor control applications and automated teller machine Hoffer and George and Valacich(1999, pp.319-320). This research indicates that the functional-oriented use in business and industries program extensively. Functional-oriented program can be designed by the several methods which involve data flow diagram, structured English, decision tables and decision tree. According to Hoffer and George and Valacich(1999, pp. 277-317) , software development of function-oriented is usually followed by the process modeling diagrams. These diagrams which illustrate the movement of data between external entities and the processes and data stores within a system in several symbols are clearly indicate the program structure to the user and editor Therefore, software cost is saved by structured analysis techniques implementation. This research support that the structures of functional-oriented which reduce requirements flaw fix time is made the program implementation productivity. Con sequently, it can be said that functional-oriented designed method which improve the program performance and productivity is generally used in industries and business program. The functional-oriented techniques are extensively used in industries program which involve data processing, transaction processing and process control. Functional-oriented design is following the centralized management control. Thus function may also maintain local state information until their execution. For example, automatic teller machines which installed outside of the branch are controlled by transaction processing system. It operates the service to a user independently and do not interact with each other and there by the system state maintained by the program is minimal (Satzinger Jackson Burd, 2000, pp.170-184). This research support that the functional-oriented would probably significantly more maintainable in business program. Furthermore, centralize management is variety use in business and industries program. Johnson (1997, pp. 213-251) researches that the programs which are in database store procedures to extensions to the SQL language. The SQL language allows the dif ferent level of procedural logic to be executed as part of an SQL call. A functional extension of database triggers, which are used for expressing integrity constraints and business rules. This research indicates the use of functional-oriented in database program is essential. Subsequently, compare with both of the designed method in business model, object-oriented development performance may not better than procedural development. Potok and Vouk(1997 pp.12-15) research that â€Å"the relationship between the business model and the productivity that a software development methodology can achieve a commercial environment under that model are explored.† Consequently, the object-oriented develop performance do not perform better than procedural development in the lack incentives environments which is for early completion of intermediate project tasks. This research indicates that functional-oriented method in industries program is better than object-oriented method. It can be seen that object-oriented methods and structural-oriented methods which has significant impact in software development are play the important role in software development. Object-oriented methods implement in software development can be easily reused, refined, tested, maintained and extended. Hence, the flexible development process in business is brought by object-oriented techniques. Functional-oriented methods in software development improve the program performance, centralized the program management and minimize the program statement. Thus, the functional-oriented techniques are extensively used in industries program. Although the object-oriented method can increase design quality and improve productivity in software development, function-oriented design will continue alongside to it because of a large amount of legacy code which has been designed using functional-oriented approach. Therefore, the view of object-oriented methods and functional-oriented method in software development indicate that both techniques are benefit on industrial used. In the future, software development designed method intends to combine functional and object-oriented approach and thereby the two models are related together to combine the two different views of system. Reference list Alpuente, M. Falaschi, M. vidal, G.. (1998). ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), [Online]. Available: http://portal.acm.org.ezproxy.uow.edu.au:2048/citation.cfm?id=291896coll=ACMdl=GUIDECFID=56778704CFTOKEN=45582611 [Accessed 9 Oct 2005] Broccoleri, M. Diega, S. N. L. Perrone, G. (2003). An Object-Oriented Approach for Flexible Manufacturing Control Systems Analysis and Design Using the Unified Modeling Language [Online], Vol. 15, Iss. 3; pg. 195. Available: Proquest5000 [09-10-2005] Chin, K. George, P. W. G. (1997). Controlling the Future: Object-Oriented Technologies and the Internet are making an Impact on the Future of Control Strategies [Online], Vol. 104, Iss. 12; pg. 74. Available: Proquest5000 [10-10-2005] Hoffer, J. A. George, J. F. Valacich, J. S (1999), Modern systems analysis and design(2nd ed.), Addison-Wesley, USA. Johnson, J.L(1997), Basic SQL, Database models, languages, design, Oxford University Press, New York. Naranayan, S. et al. (1998). Research in Object-Oriented Manufacturing Simulations: An Assessment of the state of the art [Online], Vol. 30, Iss 9: pg. 795, 16 pgs. Available: Proquest5000 [10-10-2005] Potok, T. E. Vouk, M.A.(1997), The effects of the business model on object-oriented software development productivity, IBM Systems Journal. vol. 36, Iss. 1 pg. 140, 22 pgs . Available: Proquest 5000 [Accessed 9 Oct 2005] Satzinger, J. W Jackson, B. R. Burd, S. D (2000), The traditional approach to requirements, Systems analysis and design in a changing world, Course Technology, Cambridge. Sodhi, J. Sodhi, P. (1996). Object-Oriented Methods for Software Development. McGraw-Hill Company, Inc. United States. Research Papers on Object Oriented Methods and Structual Oriented Method - Computer Science Research PaperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseDefinition of Export Quotas

The Patients with Stroke Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Patients with Stroke - Assignment Example It is a responsibility of a hard-headed nurse in assessing the religious and spiritual issues, family and social issues, and independence and activity issues in strict coherence with the physical symptoms and psychological distresses (Williams & Perry, 2010). Bearing it in mind, there comes a clear understanding of the link between the nursing interventions needful for stroke and Parkinson’s patients. ... To say more, it is a difficult process at a glance which needs a thorough look into blood tests, ECG, CT scans, and other medical interventions to be specifically assessed within a concrete time-limit. In this vein, a nurse should provide a set of practical treatments to make a patient go out of the depression caused by the neurological disorders discussed in the paper. One of the approaches is to pinpoint the exact source of anxiety among Parkinson’s multiple sclerosis patients (Lewis, Heitkemper, Dirksen, Goldsworthy, & Barry, 2006). It is a mandatory step for promoting efficacy through accuracy in nursing. On the other hand, what unites the three diseases in accordance with nursing intervention is the need for the â€Å"ask-tell-ask (also known as â€Å"Elicit-Provide-Elicit†) communication technique† (RNAO, 2010, p. 7). This is one of the general similarities in coping with the stroke, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis patients. Needless to say, most clients with a chronic neurologic disorder will experience feelings of depression and hopelessness, and, therefore, a nurse’s care should be focused on this in the interpersonal dimension of care. Besides, to relieve the anxiety among Parkinson’s patients, a nurse is to have a set of procedures and implementations to be run during the whole process of intensive medical care.

Managing Youth and Community Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Youth and Community Work - Essay Example Youth clubs have a long and storied history in the United Kingdom. Though serving a modified client base, in many ways Sweatman's assessment of the need for Youth Clubs is reflected in the activities modern day Youth Services provide (i.e. companionship, useful instruction, strong guiding influence). Youth services rely on public funds to run their programmes, though they are rarely run like most public agencies. There is a strong reliance on volunteers and part-time employees, emphasizing partnerships in the community. As such, managing youth and community workers can be challenging. Understanding management needs in this field necessitates an understanding of the differing management theories from which the youth service and individual youth and community managers will draw. Some consider Machiavelli's The Prince to be the seminal work in management philosophy. However, most students in the field regard Frederick Taylor's The Principles of Scientific Management as the definitive work quantifying and describing management theory. ... y the turn of the century it was evident that informal leadership structures of the past needed to be formalized to organise and direct the ever-increasing employee base while enhancing productivity. Taylor is credited with coining the term "scientific management" as well as the first theorist of the Classical School of Management Theory. As noted by Freeman (1996), key components of scientific management include: Developing a science for each person's work Scientifically selecting, training, teaching, and developing each worker The belief that "management should do the thinking while workers should perform the tasks." (Herndon, 1997) Prosperity for the employer and employee Freeman further noted that Taylor's "Task Idea" is one of the most prominent elements of this era. The "Task Idea" focuses on planning, planning the task of each worker including planning instructions to complete the task, planning the time to complete the task, planned so that each worker performs a task most suited to their strengths. Although initially scientific management seemed to enhance efficiency and productivity, its routine nature led to worker boredom and the management-labor rift grew precipitously. Another prominent theory of the Classical School is Max Weber's Bureaucratic Management theory. Indeed, Weber is credited with coining the term "bureaucracy" to describe a given organisational structure. As reprinted in Miller (1963), Weber believed the "fundamental categories of rational legal authority" to include: 1. A continuous organization of official functions bound by rules 2. A specified sphere of competence 3. The organization of offices follows the principle of hierarchy; that is, each lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one. 4. The rules which