Gender differences in the effects of divorce Essay

Besides behaviour differences among children of divorced and intact families, there are also gender differences to consider. Hyatt suggests that boys and girls react differently to parental divorce. Boys tend to create more behavioural problems in school than girls do. Boys’ self-esteem tends to decline as a result of divorce and they seek constant attention from the teacher and disturb class with irrelevant talks. Their effort in school work also decline. Hyatt mentions that boys are more prone to difficulty of losing contact to their father hence regular communication with the father can help these adjustment problems. Girls’ behaviour in school after parental divorce is not as noticeable as boys because they do not manifest their difficulties by acting out in class. Rather, they tend to become more anxious or unhappy or showing over controlled good behaviour. Another findings concerning gender difference in the effects of divorce is that girls do accept help from their teachers unlike boys. This is because girls see their school as a place where they can be supported during divorce while boys conduct socially unacceptable behaviour. School Behaviour of Children of Divorced Families Human beings grow by constantly adapting to new environment therefore adapting to an environment is part of life cycle. Children’s educational place can be divided into home, school and the society. The child and environment continuously interact and the school takes over large part of a child’s life. Therefore as well as having a settled family life, school period is also important in determining how children might turn out in the future. School is a place where children enjoy, and gain sense of satisfaction by experiencing various activities and maintain harmonized relationships with the teachers and other students. Similarly, school adjustment is defines as taking interest in school environment and feel comfortable being in school with other children. This adjustment reflects on their school achievement and development. For instance, children who enjoy being in school and participate in school activities are likely to gain more educational experiences than those who have adjustment disorder. Liebman defines school adjustment disorder as excessive reaction where individuals are unable to harmonize with the school environment and other students which will prohibit individual development. Children of divorced families are likely to have more difficulties in school adjustment than those of children from intact families. Berbe suggests that children with adjustment disorder tend to attract teacher’s attention by inappropriate questions in class, distract other children and find it hard to pay attention in class. They also refuse teacher’s request and are often disobedient. And if they continue to show irresponsible academic behaviour, it leads to serious adjustment disorder. Heck’s idea is also similar to Berbe’s suggestion that children with adjustment disorder problems are frequently absent and tend to be oppositional in class. However, it is difficult to judge the cause of maladjustment solely on divorce. How children respond to above stress can vary from a child to child. It can differ according to their age, gender or disposition and the environment includes economic stature of parents, social approval rating of parents and family conflict. Variables are categorized as they may affect children’s school adjustment into demographic differences and family variables. Demographic differences include race, gender, and parental socioeconomic status and family variables include relationships, organisation, control, social support, mother rejection and father rejection. Behaviour of children of divorced in school As mentioned earlier, children from divorced families appear to have difficulty in academic achievement and relationship with other children at school than children from intact families. The cause of this should not be looked at solely on the primary factor which is divorce. Secondary factors are to be considered as well, such as the change in socioeconomic structure and resources after divorce. For example, as mentioned earlier, economic loss, poor parental adjustment, lack of parental competence and parental loss can cause behavioural problems. As mentioned in the section of ‘Comparison between children of divorce and intact families’, women’s standard of living is reduced by 29 % after divorce and absence of father can have negative influence on children more on boys than girls. Regarding studies on children’s maladjustment behaviour, Liner categorizes disorder behaviour as: ? action-out behaviour like hitting someone and being aggressive ? withdrawing behaviour: very quiet, sucking fingers, restricted behaviour ? defensive behaviour: lying, ignoring ? disorganised behaviour: escaping from reality Similarly, Wickman describes behaviour of children with adjustment disorder as: ? immoral, dishonest, in resistance to authority, stealer, cheater, disobedient, rude and rebellious ? often violates regulation of class, careless, loses interest in study, negligent and trustless ? exaggerated and offensive personality ? unsociable, overly sensitive, and liar Based on experience, as a teacher of young children, those from divorced families have lower academic achievement, are socially isolated, overly sensitive, either humiliate themselves or boast and show negative behaviour in class. Specifically, their academic grade is poorer than it used to be and they do not try to socialize with others in class. Further, they often seem absent-minded and tend to change their mood easily. If they are scolded for not doing their homework or asked to answer something they do not know, they use violent language in response. They also suffer from headache and easily get tired. This behaviour of children can also be explained by Rotter’s theory of locus of control. Locus of control refers to how individuals attribute the cause of their behaviour to internal or external forces. In applying to children of divorced families, children who have internal locus of control believe that if their parents are divorced, it is their fate. Therefore these children are able to handle any difficulties and feel less psychological distress. In contrast, children who have external locus of control believe that if they do not perform well in school, they tend to blame external factors such as parental divorce rather than blame themselves. Hence, these children are likely to suffer from severe distress than those who have internal locus of control. When elementary school children experience parents’ divorce, they can become aggressive and develop sense fear and sorrow. Some children also imagine reunion of their parents. And they also explain that children’s school behaviour depend on how they are treated at home. As per experience, the relationship between custodial parent and the child seem to have a large impact. Prior research says that the relationship between the behaviour of custodial parents and children’s school adjustment illustrate that the attitude of custodial parents has large influence on children’s school achievement. Mothers’ affection can influence enormously on developing children’s social skills. From mother-child relationship, children learn responsibility, self-control and social skills, hence, hostile attitude towards children can act as hindrance in developing social skills. Therefore one can learn that the attitude of custodial parent becomes important factor which influence children’s school adjustment.

Management Studies Essay

1. What steps should be taken by an organization that is committee to shattering the glass ceiling? I would use selection plans as a method to shatter the glass ceiling. Selection plans forces a company or organization to conduct a job analysis, establish career ladders and consider alternatives to the traditional ways used in promotion systems. Companies and HR should back away from the use of these traditional methods of assessment in ways consistent with the selection plan. Move away from casual methods such as supervisory recommendations, performance ratings, quick reviews of personnel files, and informal recommendations. Use a more formal, standardized, and job-related assessment method. The organization should pay attention to the types of KSAOs necessary for advancement, and begin training programs to teach these KSAOs to potential employees. Such programs could include: key job and committee assignments, participation in conferences and other networking opportunities, mentoring and coaching programs, and skill acquisition in formal training programs. 2. What guidelines do the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures offer to organizations when it comes to setting cutoff scores? The UGESP advises that cutoff scores be set so as to be reasonable and consistent with normal expectations of acceptable proficiency within the workforce. Applicants should be ranked on the basis of properly validated selection procedures. Applicants scoring below a higher cut-off have little or no chance of being selected for employment. Although the higher cut-off score may be appropriate the degree of adverse impact should also be considered. Companies should ensure their hiring standards are not so high that they create an adverse impact. 3. What are the steps an employer should take to develop and implement its policy regarding employment-at-will? Employment at will involves the right of either the employer or employee to terminate the employment at any time, for any legal reason. To enact a policy of employment at will, a company needs to ensure that job offers are for an indeterminate time period. The job offer should include a statement that the employment will be strictly at will. All written documents, such as employee handbooks and applications must affirm the at will relationship. 4. Discuss some potential problems with downsizing as an organization’s first response to a need to cut labor costs. While downsizing has an immediate impact on decreasing labor costs, too many companies downsize without considering alternatives. There are many problems that can occur based on using downsizing first. Companies initially make job cuts that are too deep. This results in a workforce which is understaffed and unable to function effectively. This affects the other employees who become demoralized, unmotivated, and unproductive. Many organizations that downsize immediately have discovered that they failed to achieve most of the business objectives associated with the downsizing to begin with and they rehire at least some of the staff that they let go. Essay Questions (15 pts each) – No more than 2 pages, double-spaced. 1. For this question you will refer to the Application entitled â€Å"Evaluating Staffing Process Results† found on pages 676-678 in your text. Read the application and answer questions 1&2 ONLY on the bottom of page 677. 1. Determine the yield ratios (offer receivers/applicants, new hires/applicants), time lapse or cycle times (days to offer, days to start), and retention rates associated with each recruitment source. The days to offer measures the average number of days it takes to make job offers to applicants. The days to start measures the average number of days it takes from the beginning of the entire staffing process to the time the new applicant is hired and begins their jobs. From highest to lowest effectiveness are employee referrals, newspaper ads and the employment agency. Employee referrals have the highest rate of return. The recruitment method from highest to lowest is employee referral, employment agency and newspaper ads. Specifically, employee referrals had the smallest days-to-offer and days-to-start figures. In terms of retention methods from highest to lowest are employee referrals, newspaper advertisements, and employment agency. 2. What is the relative effectiveness of the three sources in terms of yield ratios, cycle times, and retention rates differ in their relative effectiveness? Employee referrals were the most effective recruitment method based on yield ratios, time lapse, and retention rates. Current employees fully understand the company, its culture, and the basic job requirements. Due to this situation they are able to recommend people they know who might fit well with the job and the organization. This was the most effective recruitment method. This occurred because current employees did a good job prescreening individuals before they became candidates. The newspaper ads and employment agency did not do as well. These methods normally generate large numbers of applicants without any real screening taking place. You have just signed on as the Manager of Human Resources for a large manufacturing company in the Chicago area. Your company manufactures parts to the automotive industry such as air duct assemblies for various models of new vehicles as well as to the secondary market for these same parts. Upon conducting an audit of HR initiatives and trying to understand the challenges you want to tackle, you find that the overall turnover rate for this company is 37%. You have not worked in this specific industry but you feel at first glance that this number is high. Based on this limited information that you have, lay out a strategy for addressing turnover. You should include the following in your answer: a. a detailed explanation of what other information you must try to uncover to find out if the turnover is an issue that you must tackle b.assuming that you find that turnover is problematic, what strategies you might suggest to the CEO to address the issue, specifically addressing the possible causes of the high turnover in your answer. The 37% turnover rate is a major cause for concern. The turnover is high enough to warrant attention. It would be helpful to have some industry data to make a turnover comparison. Initially I would suggest that the CEO appoint a Senior Manager within HR to look at the backgrounds of the employees who left the in the last year. It would be helpful to know how long they were on the job before they quit and how they were performing in their position. It would extremely valuable to interview the workers who quit to learn more about why they decided to leave. The exit interview data is probably the single most valuable piece of information that can be used to deal with a retention problem. The costs of the turnover are massive. It is disruptive to the organization, it affects the time and resources used to process the departing employees, and require additional time and resources to recruit hire and train new employees. Other costs could include damage to the morale and productivity of other employees and an increased likelihood that some of these workers may quit. I would create a formal exit interview process to find out why workers are leaving the organization. The results of these interviews should be shared with the managers of the departing employees as well as human resources. I would task HR with conducting an annual employee survey to assess the work environment.

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 26

New Year's Eve. Warren, Emerald City's owner, had thrown a swank party at his house and invited the whole staff, along with about fifty others. His house was enormous, and he'd spared no expense. Waiters worked the crowd. A bartender made drinks with great flourish. A DJ spun music in the corner. It was probably the most elaborate party I'd been to all year. Everyone was having a great time. Well, except me, naturally. Maddie and Seth were there. Together. It was strange to see them out as a couple so openly, after all the time he and I had spent hiding our relationship. But when she'd arrived back in Seattle a few days ago, she'd made no attempts at secrecy. Everyone at the store had known within twenty-four hours, and it was still a source of much buzzing and speculation. The general consensus was that they were cute. And, watching them, I supposed that if I weren't so intimately involved, I'd think they were cute too. Mostly they made me want to go throw up the caviar I'd just eaten. They stood together with a few other staff across the room, holding hands. Maddie glowed like a succubus, talking animatedly to Beth about something. Seth, dressed up for a change and looking gorgeous, listened with a small smile – though there was something solemn in his eyes. He looked uncomfortable, and I strongly suspected he'd been brought here at Maddie's urging. I didn't think he was the type who'd come and rub their relationship in my face, but then, I'd never thought he'd break up with me either. Just then, he glanced up to scan the room and met my gaze. By accident or on purpose, I couldn't say. We held each other's eyes for a moment. His expression grew troubled, wistful. I don't know what mine looked like. A moment later, he turned his attention back to the others. But the small smile was gone. â€Å"Makes you want to brush your teeth, doesn't it?† Doug approached me, holding what I believed to be his fifth rum and coke. I pointed to it. â€Å"What, all that sugar you're drinking?† He grinned. â€Å"I mean my sister and Mortensen, as well you know.† I gave them one more glance, then turned back to him. â€Å"Everyone thinks they're cute.† â€Å"I guess. I can't decide how to feel.† He knocked back his drink. â€Å"I mean, he's sleeping with my sister, right? I'm supposed to be, like, outraged and want to defend her honor. Or something. But part of me's thinking maybe they'll hit it off so well that she'll move in with him. And that kind of makes me†¦happy.† Ugh. Bad enough they were dating at all. Moving in together? I couldn't even think that far ahead. They'd only been an item for a week. I silently counted to five and tried not to say something I'd regret. â€Å"Who can say?† I murmured vaguely. Doug tilted his head as he regarded me. â€Å"Always figured you'd be the one going after him, what with your hero worship and his erotic stories about you.† He was referring to a short story of Seth's that had appeared in a magazine not too long ago. The kinky heroine bore an uncanny – and completely coincidental – resemblance to me. I could tell by his voice and face that Doug was joking. He'd never believed there had been anything between Seth and me. Little did he know how close to home his joke hit. â€Å"Well,† I told him. â€Å"Looks like your sister's going to be the one in the erotic stories now.† Doug paled. â€Å"Oh my God. I never thought of that.† He glanced at his empty glass. â€Å"I gotta get another one.† I watched him go and felt a smile tug at my lips, despite my resolution to be miserable. And I was definitely doing a good job at the miserable part. I didn't approach anyone at the party and only spoke a few words to those who tried to engage me in conversation. I'd already turned down several men who'd tried to fetch me a drink or get me to dance. I just wanted to be alone. Really, I shouldn't have come. â€Å"Never thought I'd see you alone at an event like this.† I'd felt his presence behind me before I heard him. â€Å"Carter, you party crasher. I know you didn't get an invitation.† â€Å"Hey, I heard this was the place to be.† â€Å"Isn't crashing one of the seven deadly – holy shit.† The angel had stepped in front of me. His chin-length blond hair was washed and brushed, and he wore khakis and a blue polo shirt. The ensemble was utterly casual and also the nicest thing I'd ever seen him in. He laughed, knowing what had surprised me. â€Å"I couldn't show up like I usually do. I'm still underdressed compared to you.† I had on a form-fitting satin dress with a collar that went all the way up to my neck. Black. Like my mood. â€Å"Yeah,† I said, â€Å"but if we're measuring comparison to our normal ware, you're the best-dressed person in here.† â€Å"This is a great party,† he said, eyeing the room. He had a drink in his hand that I swore he hadn't had a moment ago. â€Å"You don't look like you're having a very good time.† I wasn't ready to talk about that yet, not to him. Averting my eyes, I stared absentmindedly to where Doug was hitting on some woman about twenty years older than he was. The DJ's current song ended, and the guitar notes of a new one kicked up. â€Å"Sweet Home Alabama.† â€Å"Oh, fuck,† I said. â€Å"What?† asked Carter. â€Å"I hate this song.† â€Å"Really? I've always liked it.† I sighed. â€Å"What happened to Yasmine?† His mocking humor faded. â€Å"You know what happened to her. She belongs to Hell now. I'm sure they'll make good use of her.† â€Å"But will she do it?† I asked. â€Å"Will she really turn her back on Heaven and fight?† â€Å"They always do.† It was exactly what Vincent had said. â€Å"Once she's spent enough time shunned by other angels and denied the face of the divine†¦well, she'll want to fight against Heaven.† â€Å"That's stupid. It's like she's†¦I don't know. Like she's being forced to go bad.† â€Å"She made the decision to fall.† â€Å"She did it out of love! You're always telling me that love is the most wonderful thing in the universe.† â€Å"It is. But an angel's love must be given to the power above first, then to humanity as a whole second. It can't be bestowed on just one person – human or nephilim.† â€Å"That's stupid. I think the nephilim have it right thinking all of us are messed up.† I handed my glass to a passing waitress. It had been empty for a while. Hesitantly, I brought up something that was still troubling me, something this song wouldn't let me forget. â€Å"Carter†¦about Nyx. Her visions†¦are they always true?† â€Å"As far as I know. They don't always play out like people think, though. Why do you ask?† â€Å"No reason. Well, I mean, just curious about what she showed me.† â€Å"Ah. Yeah, that's tricky.† He frowned. â€Å"Since she was actually manipulating you, it's hard to say†¦I don't know everything about her. What'd she show you?† â€Å"It's not impor – â€Å" The music abruptly stopped, and from across the room, I heard someone shouting numbers. â€Å"Ten†¦nine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I looked at a nearby clock. Nearly midnight. â€Å"Eight†¦seven†¦Ã¢â‚¬  People were getting out noise makers and drinks. Couples were getting close. â€Å"Six†¦five†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Maddie drew close to Seth. He leaned down toward her, looking nervous. â€Å"Four†¦three†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I clutched Carter's arm. I couldn't watch this. I couldn't watch Seth and Maddie kiss. â€Å"Get me out of here,† I gasped, suddenly having trouble breathing. â€Å"Two†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Carter! Get me – â€Å" The world exploded in color around me. Cold night air blasted my face. Disoriented, I staggered and felt Carter catch my arm to steady me. We stood on top of a roof, directly facing the Space Needle. Fireworks burst around it in showers of rainbow sparks. The accompanying noise startled me, and I gasped. Farther away, other fireworks sparkled on the horizon. â€Å"Best view in the city,† joked Carter. I stared around, still confused, until I was finally able to triangulate our position. â€Å"We're on top of the bookstore.† He released my arm, and we stood there watching the fireworks for several minutes. We were so close to the Space Needle that I could soon smell the smoke as the wind blew over us. I started to rub my arms, then remembered to shape-shift on a coat. â€Å"A new year has all sorts of possibilities, Georgina,† Carter finally said, eyes still on the show. â€Å"Not for me. I've lost all mine. I've lost Seth. I screwed up.† â€Å"It's not all your fault. Relationships are symbiotic. Takes two to make them work, two to make them fall apart. Seth's got plenty of blame in this.† I shook my head. â€Å"No†¦the things he did. It was my fault.† â€Å"You're missing the big picture, Daughter of Lilith. You're forgetting Niphon's role. What was he trying to do?† â€Å"Ruin my life,† I said bitterly. â€Å"He had a part, yeah, but he complicated what I'd already messed up.† â€Å"Why? Why'd he do it?† â€Å"Because he hates me.† Carter sighed. â€Å"You're not getting it.† I turned toward him. â€Å"What do you mean? What more is there to get?† â€Å"Only so much I can tell you. Only so much I can interfere.† He fell silent as a particularly showy burst of silver sparkles lit the night sky. The deli conversation with Hugh came back to me. â€Å"Did†¦did he really mess something up with my contract? Is it flawed?† â€Å"That's your side's business. I can't tell you anything about that.† He sighed once more. â€Å"I can tell you that eternity is an awfully long time to keep accruing and carrying around guilt.† â€Å"Why do you care so much?† I demanded. â€Å"Why do you care so much about what happens to me and Seth?† He looked back down at me. â€Å"I like happy endings. I like helping make them happen.† â€Å"Yeah, well. You kind of fucked this one up.† His old, cynical smile returned. â€Å"You want to go home?† I turned toward the Space Needle. â€Å"I want to finish the show.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"Oh, hey. Wait.† I reached into my purse and pulled out a cashmere knit hat. I handed it to him. â€Å"Merry Christmas. Sorry I didn't wrap it.† Carter examined his Secret Santa present, then put it on. â€Å"Neat.† When he did finally take me home, he used the same angelic teleportation that always made me slightly nauseous. Aubrey greeted my entrance, rubbing against my legs as I fumbled for the lights. Beneath the floor, it sounded like my neighbors were having a party. I kicked my heels off in the middle of the living room floor and walked toward my bedroom, unbuttoning my dress as I went. I let it fall to the floor, happy to be free of the tight fabric. Opening my closet door, I knelt down and began rummaging through it until I unearthed the old shoe box again. Reaching up to the spot just above my breastbone, I found Seth's ring on its chain. I unfastened it and held the ring in one hand for a long time, staring at its smooth, shining surface and winking sapphires. I took out the old worn ring from the box and held it in my other hand. For a while, I just sat there, looking back and forth between the two. They were different†¦and yet so alike. You were destined for heartache. And are going to repeat that forever. You aren't learning. You aren't changing. With a sigh, I placed both rings into the box, next to a heavy gold cross. I closed the lid and shoved it all back into the closet. It was over. It was all over. Still half-naked, I walked back to where I'd dropped my purse and found my cell phone. I dialed a number and waited. â€Å"Hello?† â€Å"Dante? This is Georgina.† â€Å"Who?† With a start, I realized I'd never actually told him my name. â€Å"The succubus.† â€Å"Oh.† I had a feeling he'd already recognized my voice. â€Å"Happy New Year.† I took a deep breath. â€Å"Are you free tonight?† There was a long, pregnant pause. â€Å"What about the man in the dream?† he finally asked. â€Å"There is no man in the dream.†

The Pharmacistd and Workforce Planning Research Paper

The Pharmacistd and Workforce Planning - Research Paper Example The current statistics on pharmacy professionals in the use as per the AACP survey in fall 2014 stands at â€Å"6,334 full-time and  292 part-time pharmacy faculty members† (AACP, n.d.). According to the bureau of statistics, 2012 report showed pharmacists occupied 286,400 jobs in the US (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). In 2008, a report by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Task Force showed a demand for pharmacy faculty members to increase by 20% in the next decade and in 2009, it was reported that the demand for clinical pharmaceuticals was highest (Knapp, Manolakis, Webster, & Olsen, 2011). It is estimated that despite the high enrollment rate of Pharm D the shortage in pharmacists will continue to exist for many years (Knapp, Manolakis, Webster, & Olsen, 2011). Some reports a future influx in pharmacists as opposed to their growth in demand, current statistics in enrollment also show a trend where supply will exceed demand (Smith, Wertheimer, & Fincham, 2013). According to AACP, the future of pharmacy is bright, with an estimated over 157,000 demand for pharmacists by 2020. Their role in the healthcare industry is steadily expanding, with their role termed as a vital part in the effective delivery of healthcare (AACP, n.d.). New technology is continuously developed to assists pharmacists in making their task simpler, for example medical barcodes. Their salaries has also been associated with a growing trend with their current median pay according to labor statistics bureau being $116,670 annually, with high expectations in an increase with time (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). According to the International Pharmaceutical Federation (2012), there is an increased demand for health services including pharmacy services. Various contemporary issue faces the professions, which include job retention, workforce development, and migration. To growth in the profession, needs assessment as well as current trends in healthcare will

Southern Turkey city of Bodrum and Cradle of Ancient Civilization, Essay

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Automatic teller machine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Read the Description Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Southwest airline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Southwest airline - Essay Example The aim of this strategy is to be a producer who maintains low costs in production compared to the competitors. It is also more applicable in a market that uses price as the deciding factor (Pearce &Robinson, 2014). The strategic managers of Southwest Airline use this strategy in a way that they strategically select the production and marketing methods that lead to a reduction in cost. They ensure that the airline uses lower cost carriers to control and reduce costs and to ensure that they operate at lower costs compared to the legacy carriers. With the low operation costs, Southwest Airline is able to maintain a large share of the market since it is able to provide efficient services at low costs. Efficient use of this strategy is enhanced by conducting a SWOT analysis that enables the firm to discover the strengths and weaknesses that it possesses as well as the opportunities and threats available in the market. The effectiveness of this strategy also is maintained if the firm is able to maintain the quality of services despite the reduction in cost (Pearce & Robinson,

This assessment requires you to identify, analyses and evaluate the Essay

This assessment requires you to identify, analyses and evaluate the micro-external environment of two (two) international market - Essay Example Fitted bedroom furniture can help customers to place their bedroom furniture in systematic and space efficient manner. Non fitted bedroom furniture Non fitted bedroom furniture includes wardrobes, dressing tables, chests of drawers bedside tables which can be assembled by customers. The product offers the opportunity to assemble and customize bedroom furniture in accordance with the convenience of customers. (Source: Mintel Oxygen, 2012) Market line (2012a) has reported that bedroom furniture segment contributes a significant portion to furniture & floor coverings industry of Germany. Brief snapshot of the industry can be explained in the following industry. Market Value Value Forecast Category Segmentation Market Competition Value of furniture market (including living & bed room, kitchen, office and floor covering) in Germany is $47.5 billion. The market is growing at a rate of more than 1% and value of market is expected to touch $50 billion by 2016. Living room and bed room furnit ure contributes 51.7% of total value of the furniture industry in Germany. Market for bedroom furniture is highly fragmented due to presence of large number of retailers. (Source: Market line, 2012a) Value bracket for German bedroom furniture industry can be segregated on the basis of consumption pattern. Bedroom furniture contributes 13% of total market composition. Only 10% of buyers of bedroom furniture prefer high priced premier and luxury products in the country (United States Agency International Development, 2006). Brassington and Pettitt (2007) have stated that customer segmentation is required in order to define significant differences between customer groups which help marketers to design more focused marketing strategy. Customers can be segmented on the basis of their buying pattern. It has been reported by United States Agency International Development (2006) that two major customers segments are present in German bedroom furniture market such as 1- customers who prefer fitted bedroom furniture and 2- customers who prefer customized and non-fitted furniture. Following diagram can be used in order to segregate the customer group in accordance product consumption. (Source: United States Agency International Development, 2006) United States Agency International Development (2006) has reported that more than sixty percent of the transactions in the German bedroom furniture market can be characterized as business to consumer (B2C) type of transactions. Although the trend is different for categories like seating/upholster, parts etc. Political condition of Germany is stable which creates favourable environment for bedroom furniture companies planning to invest in the country. Lynn (2010) has pointed out that Euro zone crisis has decreased gross domestic product (GDP) growth of Germany which has affected the demand for furniture products in Germany. Lifestyle trend of Germany has segregated the consumer segment into â€Å"singletons† and â€Å"bes t agers†. Singletons are young professionals with high purchasing power who prefer to purchase customized non-fitted bedroom furniture due to space constraint while â€Å"best agers† are couples with children who prefer to purchase fitted furniture for their family home (CBI, 2006). German government provides specialized benefits like tax rate reduction, funding to manufacturing companies who emphasize on research and development

Brief memorandum Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Brief memorandum - Case Study Example TheCrimesagainst humanity require the parties involvedbeing state actors with high authority in thearea andthe usemilitary means. This is evidenced by the the military force and federal police being deployed by the President Hardlein, who has authority over Minoropolis in the federal state of Minora. Under international law, a war crime takes place during an armed conflict. Internal disturbances are provided for under Rome Statute (Article 8(2) (c)-(f)), andbyjurisprudence.A war crime requires that the sides involved in the conflict are organized and engaged in intense combat. The term organization must satisfy certain criteria put down by an ICC Pre-Trial Chamber, the organization must have a hierarchy of command, possess the means to carry out a widespread or systematic attack, exercises control over a part of the territory of a State, and has criminal activities against a civilian population as a purpose. In Minora, the drug cartels are said to be well organized and have authority throughout the Minora country with the help of local police.Their criminal activities have brought violence to the country with victims being both rivals of member gangs and ordinary citizens. The drug cartels also use military weapons such as automatic weapons and grenade launchers that are used to attack the government forces. Common Article 3 to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and modified by Art. 1 of Additional Protocol II to state that the conflict must have an extended period of violence, and the parties must be organized and armed. The conflict in Minora between the government forces and drug cartels has taken place since January 2014 and went on until September. This can be said to be a long period of violence. In the case of Prosecutor v Tadic` the court held that an armed conflict occurs when the armed forces is used by governmental authority against armed groups within a state as is the case between the government forces and the criminal cartels. The

Terrorism and criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Terrorism and criminology - Essay Example Criminological theories offer explanations for certain terrorist acts. Social disorganization theory explains the communal terrorist acts. In a society where the collective efficacy of social institutions have failed, a general unrest may emerge, which would eventually lead to terrorist acts. Such an atmosphere facilitates organized crimes that are a reflection of the lack of respect for the failing systems and also of the notion that the punishment for such crimes will be less severe where the legal justice has fallen apart with the failed institutions. Racial and ethnic heterogeneity in socially disorganized communities are apt to come to direct conflicts. In such communities the poverty rate will also be high, which will; also lead to crimes that would gain the proportions of terrorism. Gang wars and organized crimes are most often transformed to terrorism in general. While the disruptions may emerge as an internal affair in the beginning, it is possible that the frustration and w rath may later be directed against other communities or nations. The disenchanted populace of a socially disorganized community is often the targets of international terrorist recruiters. The theory of rational choice and deterrence is another criminological theory that effectively defines certain terrorist acts. It can explain individual and communal terrorism in a social structure. The theory explains criminal acts as personal or rational choice. The existence of a swift, severe and certain system of punishment in a state is apt top deter an individual or a society from committing a crime. If we analyze the amount of terrorism that emerges from states where the punishment system is weak, the theory can be proved beyond doubt. A state that fails to execute proper punishments will also fail to keep terrorist activities in check. The general assumption can be summarized that people will

DNA as a Key Witness Essay Example for Free

DNA as a Key Witness Essay Criminals, often unknowingly, leave parts of themselves behind. These pieces are not always visible to the untrained eye. Hair, skin, blood, and fingerprints all contain elements that are unique to each person. It is with DNA testing and fingerprinting, that criminals can be identified and crimes can be linked. This system of testing and matching has become the â€Å"most essential and reliable method of catching criminals† in the United States (Lynch 67). Advancing technology is not only solving crimes, but also deterring them. DNA profiling, genetic fingerprinting, and DNA testing are all names for the same process and are used interchangeably. These terms all refer to the technique used by scientists to identify and match the genetic code (or DNA) of people. DNA is highly similar among humans, but there are always pieces of the coding that are distinguishably different and exclusive to each person, aside from identical twins (Lazer 9). Samples of genetic code are logged into easily searchable, computerized files called databases; searching these databases with DNA found at a crime scene will result in a match if the DNA of the criminal was previously entered. To begin genetic fingerprinting, a technician will procure a sample of DNA. This piece of genetic coding will be referred to as a reference sample (Lynch 12). There are many ways to obtain DNA. For criminal coding the most effective and proven method is that of buccal swabbing. This is the act of collecting a sample by rubbing a swab on the cells on the inside of a person’s cheek. Buccal swabs are a relatively non-invasive way to collect DNA samples for testing. Though DNA is relatively easy to acquire, there are issues involved in its application. It can be seen as an invasion of one’s privacy. Recently there has been some speculation about the accuracy of DNA profiling leading to concerns regarding the potential for criminals to have been falsely convicted. Critics of DNA say that the FBI has falsely applied theories behind its calculations, so courtrooms make DNA seem accurate. More than half the states have a mandatory DNA testing of all people convicted of sexual charges and violent offenses, to help in future criminal investigations. Alth ough some people say that this is an invasion of privacy, its a good way to prosecute repeat offenders and find suspects when only DNA evidence is available (Forensic 43). As accurate as DNA  profiling is, there are still many questions about the validity of DNA science. Lawyers try to break down DNA test results and make jurors question the accuracy of the evidence. DNA profiling evidence has been known to be a reliable source. So reliable that often, courts view DNA evidence as somewhat as a verdict rather than a piece of evidence. Many believe there is ample opportunity for DNA profiling technology to be taken advantage of to frame one for crime he did not commit. Dr. Tony Raymond, in charge of the forensic services for the NSW Police said People have said its easy for police to plant DNA evidence. Ive always thought its easy for a criminal to plant DNA evidence (Lynch 34). Regardless of who is planting evidence, it is possible for it to be planted. Another issue is the accuracy of DNA profiling. It was once thought that DNA profiling was 99% accurate however the accuracy depends on the machine and person analysing it. In the United States a few c harges were dismissed after judges ruled that laboratories had not conducted the tests properly. There had been some speculation over DNA evidence from the murder of Jaidyn Leski (Cole 87). The police believe that it had been contaminated not at the scene, but back at the lab. When there is doubt, DNA evidence is not always upheld. This was evident in the O.J. Simpson trial. Simpson was accused of the murders of his wife Nicole Simpson and Ron Goldman, a friend of Nicole (Cole 17). Simpsons lawyers put doubt in the jurors minds through racism, bad evidence handling, and a possibility of Simpson being framed. Even though DNA testing proved that Simpson was guilty, he was acquitted of all charges. This shows that DNA evidence in everyones eyes is not valid without substantial evidence. Forensic DNA analysis is rapidly evolving. Research and development of tools that will permit crime laboratories to conduct DNA analysis quickly is vital to the goal of improving the timely analysis of DNA samples. Smaller, faster, and less costly analysis tools will reduce capital investments for c rime laboratories while increasing their capacity to process more cases. In order to increase productivity, the forensic science community has a critical need for trained forensic scientists in public crime laboratories (Forensic 13). The initiative will assist the development of comprehensive training programs for a new generation of forensic scientists, enabling new forensic scientists to receive in-depth training to prepare them for analyzing actual casework in a crime  laboratory. With the increasing mobility of national populations and concerns to curtail international crime and terrorism, the law enforcement community will desire to make databanks more readily accessible. By analogy, Canada and the United States recently developed an agreement to link their Integrated Ballistics Information System (IBIS) databases (Forensic 32). This can be done more easily than with DNA databanks, which are affected by the laws and principles of each jurisdiction surrounding the use of personal information associated with an intimate sample, such as a person’s DNA. Since the introduction of DNA evidence, it has played a key role in the investigation of crime; police now rely on DNA analysis to provide intelligence that was previously unavailable. The value of this technology has resulted in an increased expectations of impartial evidence. DNA been used in judicial reviews and its convincing ability has been used in support of both repeals and convictions (Lazer 12). Through partnerships between police and scientists, DNA analysis will continue to be regarded as the standard of excellence for the development of impartial, unbiased scientific evidence in the support of the justice system. It is the belief that DNA evidence is nearly impossible not to leave behind that scares many potential criminals. Deterring potential criminals lowers crime. DNA fingerprinting, and more recently the threat of it, not only solves crimes but also prevents them. The process of matching and identifying genes of suspect to those genes found at the scene of a crime may be seen as a violation of privacy, but it has prevented many crimes, and send many people to prison. DNA identification has saved many lives, but more importantly, prevented even the threat of many others.

National Rifle Association Nra Politics Essay

National Rifle Association Nra Politics Essay The National Rifle Association of America is an American non-profit association that was established in the year 1871 by Union veterans of the American Civil War. The group is known for promoting private ownerships of firearms, as well as providing proper law enforcement training, as well as encouraging the safety of firearms, highlighting the importance of marksmanship, hunting activities and self-defence training in the United States. The National Rifle Association is also the parent associations of affiliated groups such as the tax-deductible NRA Foundation, a charitable organization, in addition to a lobbying group, the Institute for Legislative Action (ILA). The NRA is one of the United States largest certifying bodies for firearm safety training and proficiency schooling courses for law enforcement departments, leisure hunting, and adolescent firearm safety. The organization has published several magazines and sponsored plenty of marksmanship events that features shooting skills and sports. Due to their charitable contributions through the manner of being premier firearms education organization in the world, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) a revenue service responsible for collecting taxes and the elucidation and enforcement of the Internal Revenue Code has designated the NRA as a 501(c)(3) organization. This allows the NRA organization to be exempted from federal taxes as well to ensure that the financial support for firearms-related activities would be available now and for future generations. Goals, aims and objectives The primary goal of the association when it was first created would be to promote and encourage rifle shooting on a scientific basis. That statement was in accordance to a magazine editorial written by one of the founders. But as time goes on, with multiple incidents throughout the United States that involve massive casualties in regards to misuse of firearms, from the Virginia Tech to the latest Sandy Hook disaster, the NRA had to take a stronger stand against the new firearms bills in addition to the repeated attacks towards the Second Amendment and their new goals, aims and objectives had to reflect that. After all the NRAs political movement has always been based on the initiative that the firearm ownership is considered to be a civil right that is protected by the Second Amendment of the Bill of Rights. Therefore the NRA is making it, its mission to maintain the Second Amendment rights and advocate enforcement of existing laws against violent offenders to reduce crime. At the sa me time, the Association still aims to be the nations leader in firearm education and training for law-abiding gun owners, law enforcement and the armed services alongside promoting the shooting sports as a whole by focusing on these objectives; Firearms Training and Owner Education Even though the NRA is profoundly mixed up in political lobbying, the organization is still staying strong on their roots by offering a variety of security programs to promote the responsible use of firearms. The group offers hunting protection instructive courses for adults and children; it reaches towards the youth through its Eddie Eagle program. The NRA also makes an attempt to coach firearm owners on the secure storage of firearms through an assortment of publications at their disposal. Confiscation of Firearms in Disaster Situations Following the tragedy of Hurricane Katrina in the year 2005, the state of New Orleans law enforcement police officers were instructed to de-arm citizens before allowing them into evacuation centres. The NRA and the Second Amendment Foundation filed for a temporary restraining order on Sept. 23, 2005 and the order was granted by the U.S. Further gun confiscations was barred, as well as the demand for the return of previously confiscated guns to their lawful owners. In June of the same year, the NRA came out in support of Act 275 which was signed by Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco. The act forbids the confiscation of firearms from lawful citizens in declared states of emergency. International arms control La Pierre perceives that the United Nations debate of an Arms Control Treaty as an attack on national independence and towards the Second Amendment. He argues that their debate about human rights does not fall under the Second Amendment which is the right to defend oneself. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has stated, in 2009, that the United States has in place an extensive and rigorous system of controls for arms transfers, without calling for additional restrictions. La Pierre, however, argues that Clinton did not bother to mention the Second Amendment or the U.S. sovereignty in her speech and that her silence on those seminal elements of the freedom, stands in stark gap to the impudent defence of the liberty of America as a country. Proposition H in San Francisco The majority of supporters in San Francisco approved of Proposition H in November 2005, which, the outcome, would prohibit the sale, assemble and circulation of firearms and ammunitions inside the city limits, and it will be effective as of 1st January, 2006. Within a day after the election, the NRA, alongside other gun advocacy groups, filed a lawsuit towards the ban. The law, according to the NRA, is impeding towards a matter that for all intents and purposes should be regulated by the state. San Francisco Superior Court Judge James Warren had sided with the NRA despite the city trying to appeal to the courts and failed. Political Victory Fund The NRA Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF) plays the role of the NRA organizations political action group. The PVF would rank various political candidates, in spite of party attachment, based on their voting accounts, open statements and reactions towards a PVF questionnaire. These results are then entered into a record, which potential voters are able to search by using zip codes. Constitution As mentioned above the NRA considers the right to keep and bear arms to be a civil right that is protected by the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution. Consequently the National Rifle Association (NRA) is doing everything in its power to make sure no American citizen would forget what the Second Amendment stands for; The statement that was approved by the Congress: A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.-Congress The statement that was ratified by the States and authenticated by the Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson: A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.-Thomas Jefferson In laymans terms, this amendment states that the American citizens have the right to own a gun. But the world is perceptibly poles apart than it was in the 18th century, and many politicians believe that firearm possession should be restricted and regulated especially with the increase of firearm violence putting more pressure on every side. The NRA however isnt pushing for complete freedom in regards to public ownership of guns, but they are concerned that some of these new gun legislation would infringe upon the citizens civil rights. Civil rights after all defines itself as a class of rights that protects an individuals freedom from unwarranted infringement by governments and private organizations, in addition to ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life of the state without discrimination or repression. Organizational structure and system of administration The National Rifle Association is overseen through a board of directors, usually reaching to be about 75 people. The board is in charge of picking the president, who will act as the organizations representative, from among their members. Among the groups most noteworthy leaders was actor and advocate Charlton Heston, who had stepped down in April 2003 after discovering that he had developed Alzheimers disease. The NRAs sixtieth and present president is Ron Schmeits, who has held the position of first vice president prior to replacing John C. Sigler in May 2009. Sandra Froman has held the post from 2005-2007. Marion P. Hammer, who is surprisingly the groups first female president, had served the organization from the year 1995 to 1998. Both Froman and Hammer currently still serve on the board of directors who are also charged with the task of appointing an executive vice president, which is currently held by Wayne La Pierre, Jr. La Pierre functions as the chief executive officer, whil e Chris W. Cox embraces the position of executive director of the NRA Institute for Legislative Action, along with Kayne Robinson who is the current executive director of NRA General Operations. The present NRA Headquarters can be found situated at 11250 Waples Mill Road, Fairfax , Virginia, United States. Historical development until present Founding The National Rifle Association was founded shortly at the very end of the American Civil War, but it was only several decades after Samuel Colt had opened the first private gun manufacturing facility in 1836. Samuel Colts company had allowed firearms to be fashioned on a hefty scale, leading to the majority use of firearms as sensible and leisure devices. Civil War General, Ambrose Burnside, who was also a U.S. Senator at the time and the former governor of Rhode Island, became the NRAs first president. Burnside was no stranger to firearms, due to both the Union and the Confederacy ramping up the mass production of weapons throughout the early 1860s. The Civil War is the apex that launched America into a new epoch in terms of arsenal, and the National Rifle Association has since stepped up to become a leader in said rising trade. Early Years Near the end of the 19th century, industrial units were producing weapons at reasonable prices, creating widespread individual ownership of weaponry. The NRA trained many of these new gun owners, frequently men who were in the army. The organization at this point in time, was not concerned with public policy; very little lobbying were done, and they were more concerned with developing gun safety classes for the masses. The groups first rifle range, situated on Long Island, was granted by the New York stage legislature. In 1903 Congress set up the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice, now known as the Civilian Marksmanship Program, in which the NRA volunteered to help to run. Congress eventually gave additional artillery to NRA-sponsored rifle clubs, permitting the association to develop westward. Due to an overwhelming awareness in the NRAs shooting programs, the faction had to be expanded to a new facility that was created near a Lake Erie in Ohio. WWII Era In the year 1934 the NRA formed its Legislative Affairs Division with the intent to take upon the grounds of protecting the Second Amendment of the Constitution. The NRA at that point was not involved in lobbying, but the group did mail out legislative facts and summaries to their members, who are capable of taking subsequent action. The NRA offered its services to the government during World War II; the organization even encouraged its members to serve as guard members during the war. The association went on to develop training materials for industrial security, and helped to gather more than 7,000 firearms for Britains defence against a possible invasion from Germany. Post WWII The mood of the association transformed after the second world war, as the NRA began to accommodate the more leisure sportsman. The NRA came out in support of the Gun Control Act of 1968, which forbade the exchange of artillery. In 1980 the group sanctioned a presidential contender, Ronald Reagan, for the first time. To further its defence of gun rights, the NRA ultimately fashioned the Institute for Legislative Action, or ILA, in 1975. In 1997 the NRA began publication of The American Guardian to appeal to a more conventional audience and focus less on the technical feature of firearms; the publication was renamed to Americas 1st Freedom in the year 2000. NRAs present shooting range, Camp Perry, is now currently the dwelling of the yearly National Matches, an NRA marksmanship competition that sees more than 6,000 people competing against each other every year. Achievements and failures In addition to helping to overturn Proposition H in San Francisco and supporting Act 275 in Louisiana the NRA can boast a number of political and legislative victories. The NRAs Political Victory Fund endorsed several candidates in races in Virginia in November of 2009-Bob McDonnell for governor, Ken Cuccinello for attorney general and Bill Bolling for lieutenant governor. All three candidates won their relevant races, as well as 58 out of the 59 nominees in the Virginia House of Delegates who were endorsed by the PVF. In nationwide congressional races in 2008, 230 of the 271 candidates (85%) endorsed by the PVF were triumphant. In addition, the PVF attained an 84% achievement rate in thousands of state legislative races the same year. Despite these amazing numbers of political and legislative victories, the NRA still faces a huge amount of failures on their part. For years the NRA has had a net positive ranking with the community. No longer. A recent poll from Public Policy Polling found that in the period following the Sandy Hook massacre, support for the firearm advocacy association cut down from 48 percent to 42 percent, at the same time as negative views amplified from 41 percent to 45 percent. With the recent rise of terror and violence that centres around firearms being easily accessible to purchase to anyone with the means to do so, the NRA has failed to convince the public that it is alright to indulge in purchases that not only is a given right to the people by the people, in regards to bearing in arms under the code of personal safety but also that by letting the government control the rights in weapon purchasing ownership, will equal to the masses being submitted to a tyrannical ruling. Many have pointe d out that the organizations actions may perhaps have a secondary agenda which involves the 12 billion dollar gun industry; their alliance has allowed firearm makers and firearm distributors broad, and unparalleled, protection from a wave of legal responsibility lawsuits related to gun violence in Americas cities. Is the nations most powerful gun lobby are mostly looking out for its foundation constituency, the approximate 80 million Americans who owns a gun? Or is the group acting on behalf of those that make and sell those guns? According to a 2012 poll conducted by GOP pollster Frank Luntz for Mayors Against Illegal Guns, 74 percent of NRA members actually support the mandatory background checks for all gun purchases, a position that the NRA has stridently opposed. Theres a big difference between the NRAs rank and file and the NRAs Washington lobbyists, who live and breathe for a different purpose, Mark Glaze, the executive director of the gun control group, said. In short NRA has failed to live up to the pedestal that they have initially carved, their recent statements has shown contradictions in their objectives such as promoting firearm safety; events like the Sandy Hook carnage made it apparent that there is no association between the NRAs defence of semi-automatic weapons that can fire off dozens of rounds in a few seconds which was the weapon of choice by the Sandy Hook killer, and the artillery that the daily gun owners require for hunting or for their personal safety. A nations safety is jeopardize when its civilians is allowed to own high-capacity guns and magazines designed and manufactured for mass-killings of humans without any background security check done towards them. Future development On January 16, 2013, in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting and other overwhelming national tragedies, President Obama had announced a preparation for improving the control of firearms in the United States, along with providing better admission to mental health services. The plan had included proposals for new laws meant to be passed by Congress, as well as a sequence of executive actions that does not require Congressional endorsement. The goal of the proposed actions was to discover a way to make it a little bit more complicated for individuals who have no legal right to have a gun for them to obtain it. While the senate may have voted down the first part which is background checks on firearm buyers, the recent surge of anger and public frustration has proven that more and more people are raising up to be against gun crimes and unlawful ownerships. This could lead to more trouble for the NRAs current standings and their future developments which is to continue opposing for the most part the new gun-control legislation. The NRA instead calls as an alternative, for stricter enforcement of active laws such as segregation of convicted felons and violent criminals from possessing firearms and the improved sentencing for gun-related crimes. The NRA also would also still be continuing to advocate for the practice of concealed carry and takes stronger standings on non-firearm hunting issues, such as supporting wildlife management programs that would allow hunting. This is also in addition to opposing restrictions on devices like crossbows and leg hold traps. As part of their response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting incident, the NRA has reached out towards the United States Congress to fund suitable funds for a program that aims to provide armed law enforcement representatives that would guard students in every learning in stitute as part of their future ventures; this is in addition to another future formation of a program that would advocate areas of security, building design, access control, information technology, and student and teacher training for the very best practices.

Defining Types Of Hotel Accommodations

Defining Types Of Hotel Accommodations A hotel could be defined as a commercial establishment that provides short and long term lodging facility Hotel Definition, 2000. The standard for basic hotel, in times past, consisting of a room with a bed, a cupboard, a small table and a washstand. Now, the hotel industries are improved by providing rooms with modern facilities, including suite bathrooms and air conditioning or climate control. Other general features found in hotel rooms are a telephone, a television, snack foods and drinks. Bigger hotels may provide a number of additional guest facilities such as a restaurant, a swimming pool or childcare, tennis court and multipurpose hall. Nowadays, hotels are classified into Star categories, different country has different Star rating requirement, the standards mentioned below are the essential requirement for Star rating. 1-Star hotel provides a limited range of amenities and services, but the hotel should follow the cleanliness standard. 2-Star hotel need to have a good accommodation and well-equipped bedrooms, each room must have a telephone and attached private bathroom. 3-Star hotel has more spacious rooms, decorated with high-class decorations and furnishings, and a color TV. The hotel also provides a bars or lounges. 4-Star hotel is much more comfortable and larger with excellent cuisine provided (table dhote and a la carte), room services, good furnishings, and other amenities. 5-Star hotel offers most luxurious premises, widest range of guest services, guest sport facilities such as swimming pool, tennis court, and gym are necessary, and many choices of restaurants that provides different cuisines. ( Hotel Definition, 2000) A hotel milestone had gone through several decades. During 1980s, a big expansion of hotel occurred, a Hotel Boom #3 which generated by innovative marketing and development of specialized types of hotel (hotel design, planning and development), with the development that time, many hotels were combining large-scale commercial complex with hotel. From the development too, the airport hotel, conference centers, all-suite hotels, vacation villages, health spas, ski lodges and condominium resorts are expanding rapidly all over the continents. In 1990s, a tourism were slowed by the Gulf War (2 August 1990 2 February 1991), also recession of 1991 gave a lowest financial record in hotel history. Few years after early 1990s, hotel industry sector were restored into the normal condition, Hotel Boom #4 that generated by the new advanced technology, imaginative design and the successful marketing of mass customization of hotels, resorts, and leisure time amenities (Walter A. Rutes et al. 2001). After going for several decades of hotel industry developments and trends, now it is easy to find new types of hotel and people also now trying to invent new model of hotel in order to create new trend. These are some types of hotels found as below: Super Luxury Hotel In the hotel world, term luxury has a lot of definitions, it could be unique, personage, special service, elite customer, impressive settings and decorations, impeccable service, and elegant architecture. This hotel provides a private world of rare and refined beauty where the art of personalize service is conducted with efficiency and assurance. The super luxury hotel reputations and qualities are depending on the management style of the hotel owner and its staff. Security and privacy are the essential features of super-luxury hotels and also an advanced technology will produce ever more sophisticated systems, high technology systems as electronic door locks, surveillance cameras and window sensors would add guests peace of mind. Most of the super-luxury hotels derive their luxurious character from the superb historical buildings the occupied, The Lanesborough, London, England is one of the hotels that became a national landmark, and formerly the building of this hotel was a hospital. The entrance lobbies from most of super luxury hotels are elegant and definitely shows the residential character. The Four Seasons Hotel New York, the first major chain hotel that achieved super-luxury status, gives an exception to the rule with regard the scale of the lobby. Three separate desks were designed for the lobby; reception, concierge and cashier. Meanwhile, the guestrooms and suites of the super-luxury hotels are fully detail design and furnishings. Each room were equipped with bedside controls that allows guest to open or close drapes, turn on a discreet privacy sign or call a maid service. The bathrooms of a super-luxury hotels now exceed one-third of the overall room size, with a multiple head showers with ten-button controls and automatic temperature settings, marble vanity with two porcelain basins and brass fittings, heated fog-free mirror and heated towel bars. Specialty suites offer deep whirlpool baths with windows facing the spectacular view. (Walter A. Rutes et al. 2001) Casino Hotel Casino hotel defined as a combination of a lodging establishment with the casino gaming. Most of casino hotels are providing not just an accommodation and a casino, but there are some entertainments such as the circus show, dance and singing show, clubs, lots of food and beverage outlets, theme park, shopping areas and many other attractions. With the entertainments provided for the guests, casino hotel have became one of the most favorite destination to the customer because the guest could get the whole things in one destination. The Flamingo, who was built in Las Vegas, USA and is the first casino hotel, was totally attracting customer. In that time, Las Vegas desert were transformed into the worlds largest multifaceted resort and that was when casino hotel became one of tourist destination. After that, the trends of casino hotel have expanded widely thorough every continent. In USA, Treasure Island and The Mirage hotel were built, by providing a total of 130,000 rooms, special theme, superb attractions, and many more. From that moment, the Four Seasons Hotel, Bellagio and The Venetian also enter the market of casino hotel in Las Vegas. The Palace of the Lost City which located in South Africa, who gives a fundamental design that involving the architects of WATG and raised the art conceiving themes and authentic detailing and blended design with the natural and cultural environment. Hyatt Regency Tamaya that located in New Mexico exemplifies new casino resort with a concept of museum. In Asia Region, Genting Highland which located in Malaysia is the famous casino hotel among Asian, the company who develop the Genting Resort is Resort World, this company has another two casino hotels located in Singapore and Manila. Most of the casino hotel rooms are larger and more luxuriously planned and appointed than suburban or downtown hotels, but there are casino some casino hotels that offer small room and breakfast only, but this offer also comes with a good price, this small room offer usually used to attract teenagers and small or middle income guest. A unique model is located at the end of the guestroom tower floors, semicircular in plan, offering a panoramic bay window view from the sunny living room By providing a casino, casino hotel has a greater ratio of nonrevenue-producing space than any other hotel type like high-roller suites and villas that exclusively provided for high-stake players, star-suites for famous entertainers, and a cuisine hold tables permanently reserved in restaurants on or near the gaming area for quick service for the high-rollers who wants to use its maximum time on gaming. For the convention facilities, because of the trends of combining large trade shows with related corporate and association conventions, todays 1,000-room and larger casino hotels more than meet the requirements of the convention market. The groups, including family incentive groups, increasingly look to meet at a resort location, as a result of this trends, casino hotels adds another extras addition like theme parks, small luxury signature restaurants and several more sophisticated, rather than merely larger, entertainment programs position casino hotels to increase their penetration of the convention market. (Walter A. Rutes et al. 2001) Resorts Resorts defined as an establishment used for relaxation or recreation, mostly operated by a single company or a chain company. Resorts attempts to provide its customer wants while their customers remain in the premises, some of the provided things are swimming pool, food, drink, entertainment, and shopping. Main visual features that people focus on resorts are the landscaping, natural environment, and the building finishes. There are several types of resorts with every special characteristic of each type, it is listed as below: Beach, Golf and Tennis Resorts This type of resorts provides a beach, golf and tennis in one place, also most of this resort comes with the spectacular views, water sports, and fresh air. Such resort amenities also attract the typical business travelers who sometimes choose this kind of resort over a downtown or suburban hotels. Corporate groups now also prefer resorts for business gatherings, as their more relaxed atmosphere promotes teamwork and closer personal contacts. Besides beach, swimming pool also becomes one of the essential in beach, golf and tennis resorts. Since guests spend more time in public pool than a public space, swimming pools will affects guests overall impression of the resort. Factors that need to be concerned for Beach, Golf and Tennis Resorts are: Preparing environmental and other analyses and keep clear documentation at every different stage Identify the government agency responsible for approving various aspects of the project Obtain copies of all legal requirements, necessary permits, or technical standards applying to projects Monitor construction and proactively seek government inspection and approval at each stage. Vacation Village

History Of Whaling :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When seventeenth-century settlers brought their knowledge of the ancient European whaling industry to the shores of New England, they were not the first to hunt the great beasts. Native Americans who lived along the coasts of the continent used carcasses of dead whales that washed up on shore for food, oil, and they used the bone for making canoes to pursue whales that swam into shallow coastal waters. As the Mayflower sailed into Plymouth harbor in 1620, many whales swam near the ship, one factor that kept the settlers on the harsh coast. Experienced fishermen in the ship's crew recognized the potential of a whaling industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first organized whaling in the American colonies began on Long Island (New York) in 1640, and there were whale-fisheries active in New England and New Jersey by the end of the century. Using traditional techniques brought from Europe, the colonial whalers, launched small boats from beaches, captured and towed whales to shore, cut up their blubber and bone, and then extracted the oil by boiling the blubber in large cast iron kettles called trypots.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the number of whales near shore inevitably declined, the colonists, chased whales in single masted-ships, and towed whaleboats for the hunt. They stored whale blubber in casks, which they brought home to be boiled into oil. Soon, many hunted whales by day; slept on shore at night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the market for whale products increased, whale men undertook longer journeys. During the first years of deep sea whaling, it was the custom to cruise eastward in spring as far as the Azores. Then south along the Guinea coast of Africa, east to the coast of Brazil and then returned to home to take on supplies. They then headed north to the Davis Straits, between Greenland and North America, for the summer. As whales became more scarce on these hunting grounds American whalers began to fan out into the major oceans of the world, by building vessels that were large enough to, make voyages lasting several years. These ships were able to carry four or five whaleboats and were able to extract oil by boiling blubber on deck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1774, at least 350 vessels sailed from ports in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York. Shore whaling, carried out on ocean shores, but was not possible from New Bedford's deep harbor. Residents engaged in deep sea whaling at least as early as 1746.

Xenotransplants - Animal to Human Organ Transplants Essay -- Argumenta

Xenotransplants - Animal to Human Organ Transplants We should NOT risk the human race for the benefit of the few! When asked how he feels about the advancement of science to places that were once notions to be the job of the creator, Dr. Martin Luther King replies by saying, â€Å"Cowardice asks is it safe? Expedience asks is it political? Vanity asks is it popular? But the conscience asks is it right?† This essay is about animal to human organ transplants otherwise known as Xenotransplants. Even though this procedure is meant to save lives, it is giving rise to metaphoric Frankenstein’s monsters and putting some aspects of the Human Race at risk. This essay will discuss diseases that can jump species and cause catastrophic dangers for humans such as Ebola and AIDS which the human population has no resistance towards. I will also explore the different religious view points on Xenotransplantation. I believe it is important to first explain what this procedure is about and how safe it is, keeping in mind the fact that four thousand people die each year waiting for human organs. So, what is Xenotransplantation? Xeno means strange or foreign. The term is used to describe a transplant between any two species of animals, including humans. Xenotransplantation usually refers to a procedure in which an organ, such as kidney or liver or live cells (such as brain cells) from a healthy animal are grafted or transplanted into a human patient. The transplanted materials are called xenotransplants or xenografts. Plus, there are certain kinds of xenotransplants which are not true transplants at all, because the animal organ or cells stay outside the patient’s body. These are called extra-corporeal (or outside the bod... ...Christian Barnard in South Africa. Today, comical movies such as the â€Å"animal", are being made about transplants and maybe it is a way to change the attitude of the public towards such transplantations. I believe it a personal choice and should be left to the individual to decide and not the temple that they belong to. However, as humans we are changing the normal speed of evolution and destroying the natural order of nature, bad or good. Yes, we do have the technology; but do we have the right to do it? I think not! Works Cited Parkins, Keith â€Å" Animal-to-Human Transplants† September 1999 http://www.heureka.clara.net/gain/x-trans.htm (5/10/2001) â€Å"Xenotransplantation: Animal Organs to save human lives† 2000 http://dukenews.duke.edu/Med/xenobkgd.htm (5/11/2001) Fanjoy, Sylvia â€Å"Public consultation on xenotransplantation† http://www.xeno.cpha.ca/(5/11/2001) Xenotransplants - Animal to Human Organ Transplants Essay -- Argumenta Xenotransplants - Animal to Human Organ Transplants We should NOT risk the human race for the benefit of the few! When asked how he feels about the advancement of science to places that were once notions to be the job of the creator, Dr. Martin Luther King replies by saying, â€Å"Cowardice asks is it safe? Expedience asks is it political? Vanity asks is it popular? But the conscience asks is it right?† This essay is about animal to human organ transplants otherwise known as Xenotransplants. Even though this procedure is meant to save lives, it is giving rise to metaphoric Frankenstein’s monsters and putting some aspects of the Human Race at risk. This essay will discuss diseases that can jump species and cause catastrophic dangers for humans such as Ebola and AIDS which the human population has no resistance towards. I will also explore the different religious view points on Xenotransplantation. I believe it is important to first explain what this procedure is about and how safe it is, keeping in mind the fact that four thousand people die each year waiting for human organs. So, what is Xenotransplantation? Xeno means strange or foreign. The term is used to describe a transplant between any two species of animals, including humans. Xenotransplantation usually refers to a procedure in which an organ, such as kidney or liver or live cells (such as brain cells) from a healthy animal are grafted or transplanted into a human patient. The transplanted materials are called xenotransplants or xenografts. Plus, there are certain kinds of xenotransplants which are not true transplants at all, because the animal organ or cells stay outside the patient’s body. These are called extra-corporeal (or outside the bod... ...Christian Barnard in South Africa. Today, comical movies such as the â€Å"animal", are being made about transplants and maybe it is a way to change the attitude of the public towards such transplantations. I believe it a personal choice and should be left to the individual to decide and not the temple that they belong to. However, as humans we are changing the normal speed of evolution and destroying the natural order of nature, bad or good. Yes, we do have the technology; but do we have the right to do it? I think not! Works Cited Parkins, Keith â€Å" Animal-to-Human Transplants† September 1999 http://www.heureka.clara.net/gain/x-trans.htm (5/10/2001) â€Å"Xenotransplantation: Animal Organs to save human lives† 2000 http://dukenews.duke.edu/Med/xenobkgd.htm (5/11/2001) Fanjoy, Sylvia â€Å"Public consultation on xenotransplantation† http://www.xeno.cpha.ca/(5/11/2001)

What is the role of dreams in John Steinbeck’s novella :: English Literature

What is the role of dreams in John Steinbeck’s novella ‘Of Mice and Men’ In John Steinbeck’s novella, ‘Of Mice and Men,’ the role of dreams plays a very important part. The book was written during the ‘Great Depression,’ which occurred just after the well known ‘Wall Street Crash.’ The book Of Mice and Men was set in the depression of the 1930’s in California in a place called Soledad. Men travelled around looking for any work they could find, they had to leave families and their homes just to make money. Even firms and companies went bankrupt; these were depressing and desperate times, with no hope and definitely no future. The Great depression caused long-term unemployment, migration, poverty and many young men had to travel across the nation to find a job in places such as California. As a consequence to the Great Depression, almost all of the citizens of the United States lived lives that were filled with unfulfilled dreams. Without dreams, no one would have a reason to keep going. In this essay, I will look at several of the main characters, whose desire and vision of their dreams draws them together in the only way that it will counteract the loneliness of their existence. The thought of achieving a personal dream seems to be the driving force behind the American society during the era of the ‘Depression.’ This was a time when many dreams were created; dreams of being successful, owning a land and looking after animals or growing crops. The people who had these dreams were mostly ranch workers, or migrants, people who never stay in one place long enough to form ever-lasting relationships, hence the dreams of many of the ranch workers in this beautiful novel. The American Dream Everyone has a dream to strive for. The poor ranch hands wish to be their own bosses, and actually have stability. George and Lennie have a dream, even before they arrive at their new job on the ranch, to make enough money to live â€Å"off the fatta the land† and be their own bosses. Lennie will then be permitted to tend the rabbits. Candy, upon hearing about the dream, wants to join them so that he will not be left alone, especially after they killed his dog. From the 17th Century, when the first settlers arrived, immigrants dreamed of a better life in America. People went there to escape from persecution or poverty, and to make a new life for themselves. They dreamed of making their fortunes in the goldfields. For many the dream became a nightmare. The horrors of slavery, of the American Civil War, What is the role of dreams in John Steinbeck’s novella :: English Literature What is the role of dreams in John Steinbeck’s novella ‘Of Mice and Men’ In John Steinbeck’s novella, ‘Of Mice and Men,’ the role of dreams plays a very important part. The book was written during the ‘Great Depression,’ which occurred just after the well known ‘Wall Street Crash.’ The book Of Mice and Men was set in the depression of the 1930’s in California in a place called Soledad. Men travelled around looking for any work they could find, they had to leave families and their homes just to make money. Even firms and companies went bankrupt; these were depressing and desperate times, with no hope and definitely no future. The Great depression caused long-term unemployment, migration, poverty and many young men had to travel across the nation to find a job in places such as California. As a consequence to the Great Depression, almost all of the citizens of the United States lived lives that were filled with unfulfilled dreams. Without dreams, no one would have a reason to keep going. In this essay, I will look at several of the main characters, whose desire and vision of their dreams draws them together in the only way that it will counteract the loneliness of their existence. The thought of achieving a personal dream seems to be the driving force behind the American society during the era of the ‘Depression.’ This was a time when many dreams were created; dreams of being successful, owning a land and looking after animals or growing crops. The people who had these dreams were mostly ranch workers, or migrants, people who never stay in one place long enough to form ever-lasting relationships, hence the dreams of many of the ranch workers in this beautiful novel. The American Dream Everyone has a dream to strive for. The poor ranch hands wish to be their own bosses, and actually have stability. George and Lennie have a dream, even before they arrive at their new job on the ranch, to make enough money to live â€Å"off the fatta the land† and be their own bosses. Lennie will then be permitted to tend the rabbits. Candy, upon hearing about the dream, wants to join them so that he will not be left alone, especially after they killed his dog. From the 17th Century, when the first settlers arrived, immigrants dreamed of a better life in America. People went there to escape from persecution or poverty, and to make a new life for themselves. They dreamed of making their fortunes in the goldfields. For many the dream became a nightmare. The horrors of slavery, of the American Civil War,

Oliver Twist Essay

Oliver Twist is the second novel written by Charles Dickens. It is all about Oliver who was an orphan living the world of crimes in London. The novel was published in Bentley’s Miscellany in a monthly basis. George Cruikshank was the illustrator of the said novel. Criticisms and opinions were gathered y Dickens as introducing the world of crimes. He exposed to the world the life of criminals and prostitutes. With this criticisms and comments, he took the opportunity of presenting a good view of his composition. He did not take the critics in a negative way. Among the works of Dickens, Oliver twist is the presented in a dramatic form. Oliver twist appears in series of novel in 10 theaters in London. The novel was also made with 25 numbers of versions since it started in 1906. The Famous Roman Polanski was the also made his own version of Oliver Twist. In the Oliver Twist, Oliver was an infant born in a workshop. After the adaptation of Oliver, he the came to an infant farm where he came o develop himself and then get back to the working place. Orphans were put to the workhouse to get their selves a home to get into. In the workplace, the orphans were experiencing the inhumane and mistreatment. With these mistreatments, the orphans were put into starvation. Oliver was asked to stand before his comrades to talk with their masters about the issue. Troublemaker is also named or recognized after Oliver. He does some job for other person who wishes to take him (Dickens, 2003). Oliver outside the workplace life was uneasy at first. He was so tired and hungry. He didn’t expect that life was also misery. Jack Dawkins is one of the persons who help Oliver by giving him a place to stay. Even though, he was recently together with thieves, he was still finds people who help him. As he stays with Dawkins, he also works with him. He came to the world of pick pocketers. With his work with Dawkins, he was also accused for some crimes. With the crimes being accused for him, he came to experience the world of criminals and prostitutes. He had himself put into a world where there are many negative insights. The life of Oliver really became a misery when he came with the criminals and do some criminal works. His life was also nearly put to death when he once put into criminal work when he was shot. With this misery life of Oliver he came to know about his family roots. He came to know who his brother is. He talks with Maylies and Doctor Losberne about his misery life. He had a brother who is a monk and he was claimed to be an inherited to a monk. Oliver was also an inheritor of an estate which his father wrote in will before his father died. And because of this they wanted to have the inheritance of Oliver. In the end, Oliver made a life of good after he had also got the inheritance. Oliver Twist is of the great novel of Dickens. The novel presented a story of humor and wit. The novel is of poverty mode and of cruelty. Oliver Twist may e given recognition for his thoughts about the world and its great creativity of story. With this Novel of Dickens, he used some world views. He relates the Novel with religion world view. He uses some facts with the monks when tackling about the religion. He discussed that eve though the family of Oliver was of different religions, they were still putting the peace on their heart. With respect to the political view, the politics in the novel represents some deficiencies of the true form of politics in the whole wide world. It was presented and explained on the novel how the politics is some sort of injustice. The real politics and politics in this novel are neither really similar nor different. In the geographical view, the novel was situated in way that the geographical mode is of the same way with the time of the novel was presented. It was situated in a community where people experienced difficulties with respect to community of criminals ad prostitutes. The people in the novel were creating a way that the geographic position of the community is essential. Tackling with the social view, the author speaks for the truth about the social community. It is explained in the novel that people need other people to survive in the community. People are born for other people. No man is an island. In order to survive the cruelty of the world, one person should have great communication and social interactions with other people. And last but not the least, about the economic view. One of the great topics in this novel is about the economic view. It is presented here that in life of poverty and scruelty; people were doing unnecessary things just to make their life into fulfillment. People may do some crimes and other illegal works just to survive in the low economized community. The use of providing great world issues in the Novel is a way to provide creativity with the said religion, political, economical, social and geographical ways. The author, Charles Dickens have very wide thought about the current issues I his time that he came to develop a novel with story that relates to the whole wide world. I is necessary for him that he even does not have good experiences in writing had no acclaimed awards for his works he still make it expressive for him to provide meaningful Novel. The Novel in particular was really fascinating for the story it provides is viewers or readers, it catches most of the reader’s attention. It does not need o make some more great speculations for the story to make it interesting. It was interesting in many ways. With its thoughts and ideas, it is still interesting. List of Reference Dickens, C. Oliver Twist. New York. Penguin Books; 2003.

Pv Trade War Between the Us and China

Introduction International change and competitive usefulnesss in the outlays of take in main realm china gestate brought more opportunities for chinas exports but all all overly generated challenges due to protectionism from its foreign competitors. Consequently, there pay back been numerous con be give themes against mainland china, including anti- toss away, anti-subsidy, in many economic sectors. The very current change over cocktail dress involving china is the US accuse Chinese manufacturers of dispose photovoltaic (PV) boards in the US grocery store and the Chinese brass un true(p)ly subsidizing its receive solar perseverance.In fact, the USs flip balances in polysilicon products surrounded by twain the US and mainland China, and the US and the human race probatoryly deficit while Chinas polysilicon cadres and modules performance has gaind dramatically (The Kearney Alliance 2012). This essay claims that, the surge in PV exports does not i nevitably mean that the Chinese brass has subsidized its PV manufacturers illegally, and Chinese solar manufacturers low prices do not necessarily imply they atomic number 18 selling their PV products infra the personify of employment.Importantly, imposing much(prenominal) squ be imports tariff is highly likely to deprave not only the bilateral trade amongst two countries but to a fault long- call benefits of both countries. First, this essay provides an overview of the US-China PV trade case then explains why China solar patience has been growing dramatically and last examinationly it analyses what the consequences might be if the US imposes a countervailing and antidumping tariff on Chinas PV. adventuregroundOn October 2011, seven US-based PV manufacturers headed by solarWorld Industries the States reported China on a double-anti case to US Department of mercantilism ( physician) and US International parcel out nerve (ITO). The seven manufacturers, which later for med compaction for American solar Manufacturing (CASM), charge China for dumping their PV module products to US foodstuff and giving a bulky get of export subsidy to this labor which in turn ca employ severe injuries to US PV manufacturers.Several investigations have been carried out by both atomic number 101 and ITC for this issue, as the coalition accused China political sympathies providing cash grants, severely discounted resources, huge contributes and impute, tax exemption, inpennyives and rebate and export grant insurance to the industry. In its final determination held on 10 October 2012, commercialism proposed 18. 32 per penny to 249. 96 per penny of anti-dumping and 14. 78 per penny to 15. 97 per cent of countervailing duty.Further actions, including exit or not issuing anti-dumping and countervailing duty orders, forget be cod after ITC final determination (US atomic number 101 2012). photovoltaic industry is a upstart emerging industry as a response to the threat of get-up-and-go paucity and environmentally-unfriendly fossil fuel-based animation. Governments issued supportive policies, including giving epochal account of subsidy turn overing higher output signal comprise of this new energy industry compared to that of conventional one.In case of China, the country issued a PV commercialise policy in 2007 that include deployment, investment and research and education supports under(a) the scheme of middle and long term program of renewable energy development set by terra firmaal education and Reform Commission (NDRC) targeting the energy of 300MWp by 2010 and 1. 8 GWp by 2020 of PV cells installed (Grau et al. 2011). This policy and its carnal knowledge prefer on labors result in unreasonable result of China PV industries, qualification Chinas adult male market treat skyrocketing from 1 per cent in 2001, 5 per cent in 2005 to 50 per cent in 2010.In 2012, four of the outstrip five PV producers are Chinese c atch US manufacturers which occupy 27 per cent in 2006, decreased to 5 per cent in 2010 of the total mankind share (The Kearney Alliance 2012). Why has Chinas PV grown so big so fast? There are a number of reasons why the PV industry in China has experienced redoubted gain within a short bridgework of time. For instance, China produced roughly 1 per cent of the valets solar cells in 2001, and by 2010 it produced nearly almost half(prenominal) (The Kearney Alliance 2012).The same rate of growth was achieved by Japan and Germany during their PV industry enlargement however the key difference is it took them double as long (The Kearney Alliance 2012). First, such fast paced growth would not be possible without tending from the government. The Chinese government has been providing many different kinds of assistance to the manufacturers to enkindle the growth of the PV industry in China. The governments policy to boost the industry came in the form of loans, tax credits and gra nts.Additionally, most of the resources required for manufacturing of PV cells were subsidized or discounted to encourage manufacturers to produce more. In 2011, the Chinese government inculcated a Five-Year Plan to progress to further growth of the PV industry considerably into the year 2015. Second, it is estimated that help from the government allowed some Chinese manufacturers of PV cells to have somewhere between 18-30 per cent appeal advantage over their US counterparts (The Kearney Alliance 2012).The government altogether is not responsible for the cost advantage enjoyed by the Chinese manufacturers scale and trustworthy integration, and labour costs constitute probatory part of the cost advantage. The scale and upended integration of some of the top layer Chinese manufacturers means that they gain cost advantages due economy of scale large factories can produce at a debase cost, and additionally they tend to own or control majority of the companies in the suppl y chain as rise as distributions outlets thus allowing them to maximize sugar from supply, production and distributions.Moreover, labour costs are relative cheap compared to the US, curiously for rusty labour, where China has approximately 80 per cent labour cost advantage over the US counterparts (The Kearney Alliance 2012). Third, besides the assistance and cost advantages, some, if not all, Chinese manufacturers tend to offer trade credit, where solar reason customers can purchase the panels without having to pay direct and are given 60 eld payment window to complete the deal.This provides tremendous financial benefit to the customers, as they allow have some time for installing of the panels without paying upfront for the panels thus the cost of downtime during the installation is not born by the customers. Finally, growth of Chinas PV industry is similarly due to the extreme project growth of internal demand. In 2010, Chinese house servant demand for solar force was only 3 per cent of the worlds demand, and by the end 2014 this is judge to increase to 26 per cent (EPIA 2011). Is Chinese government providing illegal subsidies? Are Chinese manufacturers dumping their products on the U.S. market? The US government accuses the Chinese government of providing the export subsidies, which according to WTO rules is illegal. However, the Chinese government claims that the subsidies, grants, loans and discounts given to the manufacturers are intended to promote the solar power industry and make it cost competitive with conventional power sources. It is worth noting that its not just Chinese government that provides subsidies, the US also provides straightforward subsidies to its solar power industry albeit to a slightly lesser extent and g disdain amount in dollar terms.For instance, the US government does not provide land grants or discounts, and the total stimulus loan/loan guarantee is only US$1. 3 billion compared to US$30 billion from the Chines e government (Goodrich et al. 2011). The US Department of Commerce accuses Chinese manufacturers of dumping PV cells on the US market. According to the WTO (WTO, 2012), dumping occurs when a company exports a good to foreign market at a price less than the price it usually charges in its domestic market. The US considers Chinese economy as non-market economy, thus the Chinese domestic price of PV cells cannot be situated directly from the Chinese market.Therefore, third or surrogate country needs to be chosen in order to picture the fair value of Chinese PV cells. The U. S Department of Commerce has chosen Thailand from a list of 6 countries as the surrogate country. This is unconvincing to reflect an appropriate public price for the Chinese PV since the costs of PV production in China is normally lower than those in Thailand. Possible consequences Both sides are before long still waiting for ITCs final determination. If an affirmative determination is do in late November th at imports of PV cells from China, no matter be assembled into modules or not, leads to US omestic industry cosmos or is threatened to be materially injured, Commerce will issue the Anti-Dumping and Countervailing duties order. Back when the preliminary determinations was announced earlier this year, in which the DOC assessed countervailing duties ranging at a lower rate, most Chinese manufacturers breached a plenteousness of relief and continue their business in U. S. as before. However, DOCs final determination assessed noteworthy higher countervailing duties at 14. 78 per cent -15. 24 per cent, comparing to its 2. 9 per cent-4. 3 per cent in the preliminary (US DOC 2012), undoubtedly it will have a severe impact on Chinas manufacturers and ball-shaped solar industry. As the subject of DOC and ITCs investigation is PV cells that are manufactured in China, Chinese firms could shift manufacture or directly purchase PV cells from some anformer(a)(prenominal)(a) countries to annul tariffs on modules made of Chinese cells. An apotheosis location is Taiwan, which is already a gamey solar cell manufacturing market. Although it is 8 per cent higher than using its domestic produced cells, cells made in Taiwan still have a 10-22 per cent cost advantage than the ones in the US (Wesoff 2012).Not to mention its relative closeness to China. However, using PV cells from other countries other than the US and assembles into PV modules is not a prudish long-term strategy. The US could also initiate another investigation into Chinese PV modules assembled, using other countries cells. Thus, this is only a transitional strategy for Chinese manufacturers before Chinas domestic demand for PV products picks up to ameliorate industrys excessive supply situation. On the other hand, the fabrication of high countervailing and anti-dumping duties might also pivot the U.S. solar industry. In 2011, manufacturing only contributed 24000, or 24 per cent of the total employmen t in the solar industry (The Solar Foundation 2011). Punitive tariffs against Chinese cells will lead to a price jump-start on PV cells and modules in the US market, it causes the cost of solar projects in the US to increase and the implementation and demand for solar products to celestial latitude, which in the long run transits into lower employment in other sectors in the PV industry. The Coalition for Affordable Solar life force commissioned a psychoanalyse showing that a 50 er cent tariff will then boost employment in the cell and module manufacturing sector. However, this tariff jump would also result in a huge decrease in employment from slowing-down discretional spending by solar buyers and an overall demand decrease in other sectors in the whole PV industry. The net impact on total employment would be 15 per cent -40 per cent decline in the US PV industry compared to its 2010 poetry (Berkman et al. 2012). This means the resurrection of the US cells and module manufa cturers is at the cost of the rest and the vast majority of the US PV industry.Another potential outcome is that Chinese manufacturers could retaliate against imposed tariffs. The US currently still has a huge unequivocal net export of polysilicon and PV manufacturing equipment to China. In 2011, China attributed to around 30 per cent of the US total net exports of polysilicon and 60 per cent of PV capital equipment (GTM 2012). To protest against imposed tariffs and duties, Chinese manufactures could ramp up their own production of polysilicon or turn to other countries to lodge in the gap, effectively cutting out the US firms in the solar supply chain.Conclusion In sum, Governments in most industrial countries including the US and China have been promoting lite energy technology in recent years. Among the worlds solar producers, Chinas booming renewable energy industry, especially solar industry has dominated world solar markets and challenges American leadership. President Obam a sustain the USs concern about clean energy technology to make sure that we win the competition. I entert want the new uncovering technologies and the new manufacturing taking place in China and India (Morris et al. 012, p1). Meanwhile the subsidy to energy, including solar industry, has been successful in China (rapidly increase its market share of world polysilicon production), the US policy subsidy on clean energy has not brought any evaluate result, even failure (i. e. bankruptcy of Solyndrathe calcium solar firm) (Robert et al. 2010). Trying to protect the domestic solar industry by preventing other countrys polysilicon exports is highly unlikely to be a wise and fair policy.In particular, countervailing and anti-dumping duties would result in a significant decline in exports of polysilicon and PV manufacturing equipment to China as well as a fall in employment. Indeed, China could have some(prenominal) ways rather than bring the case to the WTO in responding to the trade barriers imposed by the US, but what the US needs to consider its long term benefit. The competitive price of Chinese solar as a cheap source of clean energy which potentially enhances the US economic growth, creates jobs for Americans and tackles with clime change.ReferenceBerkman, M, Cameron, L Chang, J 2012, The employment impacts of proposed tariffs on Chinese manufactured photovoltaic cells and modules, The gibber Group, Washington, D. C. viewed 16 September 2012, . EPIA see European Photovoltaic Industry Association. European Photovoltaic Industry Association 2011, Global market outlook for Photovoltaics until 2015, viewed 12 Oct 2012, http//www. epia. org/index. php? eID=tx_nawsecuredlu=0file=fileadmin/EPIA_docs/publications/epia/EPIA-Global-Market-Outlook-for-Photovoltaics-until-2015. pdft=1351601058hash=65fb67c830a17dc3384646f83c30e104Goodrich, A, James, T Woodhouse, M 2011, Solar PV manufacturing cost epitome US competitiveness in a global industry, Stanford Universit y, viewed 25 Oct 2012, lt http//www. nrel. gov/docs/fy12osti/53938. pdfgt. Grau, T, Huo M Neuhoff, K 2011, Survey of photovoltaic industries and policies in Germany and China, Climate Policy Initiative, Berlin. GTM 2012, U. S. Solar Energy Trade Assessment 2011 Trade Flows and national Content for Solar Energy-Related Goods and Services in the linked States, Greentech Media, Washington, D.C. Morris, AC, Nivola, PS Schultze, CL 2012, impudent energy revisiting the challenges of industrial policy, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC. Roberts, MJ, Lassiter, JB Nanda, R 2010, US Department of Energy & retrieval Act Funding bridging the Valley of demise , Harvard Business School. The Solar Foundation 2011, Nation Solar Jobs Census 2011, viewed 12 October 2012, . 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